Cnodontes pallida (Trimen, 1898)
indigenous

Morphological description

Trimen (1898) described this species as follows: Exp. al. (male ) I 1.5 lin. (female ) 1 in. 1.5 lin. Female: Paler throughout; especially on underside, where only the costal bar in forewing is dark (the cellular and adjacent costal markings being faint), while the apical hind marginal border and the entire hindwing are of a dull creamy tint slightly tinged with reddish, and with the various series of spots faintly marked, paler than ground-colour, but with darker outlines. Male: Pale ochre-yellow; forewing with dull-brownish costal marking and apical border; cilia in both wings brownish, with dark-brown interruptions at extremities of nervules. Forewing: apical border narrow, sprinkled with ochre-yellow scales, and extending only from costa just before 3rd subcostal nervule to hind margin a little below lower radial; transverse costal marking rather beyond middle, narrow, ill-defined inwardly, extending from costa to lower radial; before middle, indications of some faint brownish markings along costa. Hindwing: unmarked, except by the dark-brown interruptions of the cilia, which are more conspicuous than in forewing. Hindwing and markings of forewing dull pale-grey, varied with indistinct dull-reddish spots. Forewing: discoidal cell from base to extremity tinged with ochreous-orange, but inner-marginal area widely pale-yellowish; a narrow costal grey border from base, interrupted by three almost equidistant small square spots of the ground-colour ; costal marking prolonged as far as third median nervule; apical border prolonged throughout hind margin but narrowing to a point at posterior angle-traces of its two series of reddish spots barely perceptible; two disco-cellular small grey spots, one terminal, the other a little before it. Hindwing: of five transverse series (about equidistant) of dull-reddish spots, the subbasal, premedian, and median are fairly marked, but the discal and submarginal scarcely visible; indications of two or three small spots at base.

Diagnostic description

The information below was extracted from Woodhall (2020). This species closely resembles Baliochila lipara and B. aslanga, but both sexes have one dark costal mark just outside the forewing cell. No dark costal marks at the base of the forewing as in Baliochila Buffs. Hindwing underside has orange-red marks on a brown ground; instead of being lines of prominent discrete spots, they form bands (Woodhall, 2020).

Type notes

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Gadzima, Umfuli River, Mashunaland”.

Global distribution

Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Zambia and Zimbabwe, (Williams, 2023).

SA distribution

Limpopo province (Williams, 2023).

Movement

This species flies in the shade of trees and is relatively fast-flighted. The flight period is from July to September, December, March, and April (Williams, 2023).

Trophic level

Herbivore - Nectarivore (nectar-eating)

Trophic strategy

No data.

Reproduction

The information below was extracted from Woodhall (2020): Butterflies are sex machines. The lifespan of an imago (adult) is short, and its only purpose is to reproduce. To win the attention of a female to mate with, male butterflies commonly employ the hill topping territorial behaviour (and related activities) to be at the highest point on the hilltop to increase their chances of mating. Other precopulatory behaviours include a “dance” in which a male flit about to stimulate a response from a female. Butterflies rely on visual cues, the colour patterns of their wings, and scent cues to identify mates. Butterflies copulate by joining their sex organs located at the tips of their abdomen, facing opposite directions. During this act, a male will transfer a package of sperm to the female using his aedeagus. A mated female will then carry sperm inside her so that she may fertilize eggs as she lays them, singly or in groups, on appropriate food plants or ant nests. To find an appropriate oviposition site, a female usually flies slowly with distinctive quivering wing beats, searching for adequate plant odours or ant scent trails as cues. Eggs are laid once the female deems the substrates adequate, and eggs are either attached to the food source by an adhesive excreted by the female or dropped loose onto the plant. Depending on the butterfly species, the hatching of eggs into larvae may occur in a few days to months. From its emergence, the larvae are known to eat rapaciously, and it undergoes successive moults as it grows. The larvae will stop eating after several moults (usually three to five) to prepare for pupation where it will burrow underground, find a sheltered spot, spin a cocoon, or suspend from a suitable support. All butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis. Final metamorphosis occurs within the pupa, with varying periods from pupation to the emergence of the imago for different species. Adults usually emerge from the pupa in the early morning hours, climbing up a nearby twig, rock, or leaf so that they hang upside down while their hearts pump the haemolymphs to their wing veins. Following the flow of haemolymph to the wing veins, the wings straighten up and assume the typical wing shape of butterflies and harden to their final form. The imago will then live its short life focused on reproduction. Each butterfly species has specific flight periods.

Behaviour

This species flies in the shade of trees (Williams, 2023).

Biome

Savanna.

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: Data partners records: DNA:

Residence status

Occurrence in African countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, or alien in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature.

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

Names and Sources

Common Name Language
Pale Buff

Classification

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Arthropoda

CLASS Insecta

SPECIES pallida

No results found for Cnodontes pallida (Trimen, 1898)

Uses

No data.

10 results for Cnodontes pallida (Trimen, 1898)

Observation records

Animal occurrence records per dataset

Animal occurrence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: Data partners records: DNA:

2020

BOOK

Field guide to butterflies of South Africa

Woodhall, S.. 2020. Field guide to butterflies of South Africa Vol. . London. Bloomsbury Publishing pp.360.

1898

JOURNAL ARTICLE

On some new or little-known species of African butterflies

Trimen, R.. 1898. On some new or little-known species of African butterflies Vol. 1898 pp.1-16.

2023

TECHNICAL REPORT

Genus Cnodontes Stempffer & Bennett, 1953

Williams, M.. 2023. Genus Cnodontes Stempffer & Bennett, 1953 pp.1-5.

2013

BOOK

Conservation Assessment of Butterflies of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland:Red List and Atlas

Mecenero, S., Ball, J., Edge, D., Hamer, M., Henning, G., Krüger, K., Pringle, E., Terblanche, R., Williams, M.. 2013. Conservation Assessment of Butterflies of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland:Red List and Atlas. Johannesburg, South Africa. Saftronics (Pty) Ltd. and Animal Demography Unit pp.206-211.