Strychnos usambarensis Gilg
NE Indigenous

Morphological description

Trees from about 2-15 m tall. Branchlets very slender, terete, young twigs with a thin white skin, splitting longitudinally and peeling, leaving dark coloured twigs with small lenticels; leaf-bases persistent, prominent, upturned. Leaves shiny dark green above, slightly lighter beneath, ovate-lanceolate, often folding longitudinally, acuminate in the upper half, 3.5-5.5 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, shortly cuneate to rounded at the base, acute at the apex, 3-nerved from near the base, sometimes 5-nerved but outer pair not distinct and often running into the margin, inner pair arising 2-4 mm above the base and running parallel with the margin and about 2-4 mm within it, tertiary veins not conspicuous; margin sometimes crisped; petiole about 6 mm long. Inflorescence a few-flowered compound cyme, more or less oblong in outline, about 1.5 cm long, peduncle and pedicels glabrous or very minutely and sparsely papillose pubescent; pedicels about 1.5 mm long; bracts cucullate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 1 mm long. Calyx faintly rugose without, more or less 1.5 mm long, 4-lobed almost to the base, lobes subovate usually acuminate, minutely ciliate on the margins, glabrous within. Corolla cream, tube about 1.5 mm long, sparsely bearded in the throat; lobes 4, about 2 mm long, minutely ciliate on the margins, glabrous within or a few pilose hairs at the base (part of beard), very minutely scaly within and without, upper half ultimately reflexed. Stamens inserted on the tube just below the sinuses; filaments about 0.5 mm long; anthers about 0.5 mm long. Ovary green, more or less oblong, about 1 mm long, 2-celled with several ovules in each cell, attenuate into a style about 1.5 mm long; stigma terminal, small. Fruit globose, about 1.4 cm diam., distinctly stipitate, stipe like a collar, about 1 mm long at the base of the fruit; seeds slightly compressed, attachment in the centre of the ventral surface. From: Verdoorn, IC. 1963. Loganiaceae. Fl. S. Africa 26: 134-171. Dept. Agric. and Technical Services, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Tree, shrub or climber, 1-15 m high, bark dark grey. Leaves dark green above, slightly shiny, ovate or narrowly elliptic, apex acuminate; petioles glabrous; tendrils solitary. Inflorescence axillary, solitary, lax, few-flowered. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, bisexual, cream-coloured. Calyx pale green, connate at base, acute or obtuse, glabrous both sides. Corolla 4-lobed, yellow-white, inner surface puberulent, outer surface minutely glabrous; tube short, campanulate. Stamens exserted on corolla tube; anthers oblong; filaments glabrous. Ovary 1- or 2-locular; style short, stigma capitate, bilobed. Flowering time Sept.-Feb. Fruit 1-seeded, globose, yellow-orange. Seeds pale brown, ellipsoid, testa thin, hilum at central side. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Madlokazi, N. 2019. Strychnaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1556-1557. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Tree, 2-15 m high. Leaves broadest in lower half, usually long-acuminate in upper half, up to 55 mm long. Inflorescence lateral. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit small, 14 mm in diameter, stipitate at base. Flowers cream. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Habitat

Occurs in high forest, relict forest, deep wooded gorges, rocky banks of streams, in deep valleys or coastal bush. From: Verdoorn, IC. 1963. Loganiaceae. Fl. S. Africa 26: 134-171. Dept. Agric. and Technical Services, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Ravines, forests; Indigenous Forests. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Madlokazi, N. 2019. Strychnaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1556-1557. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

High forest, relict forest, deep wooded gorges, rocky banks of streams or in deep valleys. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Distribution

Recorded from Uganda and Kenya southwards to the Transvaal and Natal. From: Verdoorn, IC. 1963. Loganiaceae. Fl. S. Africa 26: 134-171. Dept. Agric. and Technical Services, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Flowering time

December to January

Altitude

30 to 1370 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

Names and Sources

Accepted name
Strychnos usambarensis Gilg
Synonym(s)

Strychnos cerasifera Gilg


Strychnos micans S.Moore


Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

62 results for Strychnos usambarensis Gilg

Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0326354-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 3300 | 1960-4-20

South Africa, Limpopo, LYDENBURG DIST.; ERASMUS PASS; IN RAVINE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326287-0 Collector(s) & number: Marriott, WE, 4 | 1937-11-17

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DURBAN DIST.; BLUFF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0860422-0 Collector(s) & number: Burrows, JE, 9671 | 2006-12-18

Mozambique, Save Sand Forest, ca 20 km south of Save River Bridge off EN1.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326285-0 Collector(s) & number: de Moor, PP, 69 | 1968-3-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, NDUMU GAME RES.; KHONDO SAND FOR

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0815989-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 11217 | 1991-5-16

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Coast (upper): Port Shepstone District; Illovo Sugar Estate; Little Manzimtoti River; Main falls.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326290-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 13114 | 1946-10-16

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UBOMBO; 6 MI. S. OF UBOMBO IN MKUSI VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0678133-0 Collector(s) & number: Venter, S, 10871 | 1985-8-21

South Africa, Limpopo, STRYDOM TUNNELS.; PERKEO 223.; GENTLE SLOPE.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326300-0 Collector(s) & number: Morris, JW, 601 | 1966-1-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, CAMPERDOWN DIST.; SHONGWENI DAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0084018-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholas, A, 1267 | 1982-3-12

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Shores, Hell's Gate Peninsula, along roadside.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326360-0 Collector(s) & number: Collins, MC, TRV 6998 | 1909-1-

South Africa, North West, RUSTENBURG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0983629-0 Collector(s) & number: Schuhardt, DA, DS02169 | 2002-4-2

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Oribi Flat (west).

General notes: Tropical. Baserock. Steep slope.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326346-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 6297 | 1950-12-8

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; ELANDSBERG; NR. RUST DER WINTER ON HILLSIDE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326339-0 Collector(s) & number: Leistner, OA, 184 | 1955-5-9

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; JACKSONSTUIN AT KLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0890676-0 Collector(s) & number: Schuhardt, DA, DS02566 | 2002-4-23

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Mzimvubu River, (Port St. Johns).

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326352-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 1876 | 1971-11-23

South Africa, Mpumalanga, OHRIGSTAD DAM NAT. R; GULLEY FOR.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0729971-0 Collector(s) & number: Mogg, AOD, 36842 | 1973-6-17

South Africa, North West, MAGALIESBERG; JACKSONSTUIN; HARTEBEESTPOORT DAM PRECINCTS. IN SHADE OF RAVINE FOREST NEAR STREAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326366-0 Collector(s) & number: van Warmelo, NJ, 51Z19/21 | 1951-12-19

South Africa, Limpopo, SIBASA DIST.; RAMBUDA LOCATION

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0351266-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Wyk, P, 4759 | 1967-7-30

South Africa, Limpopo, MUDEN; E. VAN SHIPAKWENI MOND RAND LANGS RIVIER

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0841697-0 Collector(s) & number: Burrows, JE, 8617 | 2004-10-23

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Above entrance to Serenity (Sherlock 461), c. 10 km S. of Malelane.

General notes: At base of cliffs in gorge near river. Fruits blackish.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0790588-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Wyk, P, BSA 716 | 1993-3-12

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Maputaland; Corridor between Ndumu and Tembe. Next to the road along W boundary of Tembe Elephant Park.

General notes: Dense woodland. Well drained sandy soil. Partial sun. Level slope. Multi-stemmed slender tree 3.5m tall. Flowers not yet open, green. Fruit globose, olive-green.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326291-0 Collector(s) & number: Guy, RD, 118 | 1959-4-25

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0615301-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Wyk, AE, 5022 | 1981-9-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ORIBI GORGE; LANGS SAMANGO WATERVAL VOETPAD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326301-0 Collector(s) & number: Moll, EJ, 3583 | 1967-5-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, NGOME; UMPAMBINYONI RIVER V; N. OF UMZINTO FOR.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0678365-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholas, A, 1267 | 1982-3-12

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ZULULAND.; WESTERN SHORES.; HELL'S GATE PENINSULA. ALONG ROAD SIDE.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0545267-0 Collector(s) & number: Pienaar, UdeV, 5702 | 1976-8-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; MALELANE; RUIE KLOFIE IN BERGE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0075664-0 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 664 | 1982-12-28

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, Hoosen Trail.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0891885-0 Collector(s) & number: Schuhardt, DA, DS03986 | 2002-8-29

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Caguba (Port St. Johns).

General notes: Tropical. Steep slope. Pasture.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0891112-0 Collector(s) & number: McMahon, M, MM00030 | 2001-9-24

South Africa, Mpumalanga, 11 km E of Malelane. ± 4 km S of N4 (Thandanani).

General notes: Thorn Bushveld. Savanna.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326358-0 Collector(s) & number: Repton, JE, 4286 | 1954-5-27

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; JACKSONSTUIN IN KLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0130044-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 12644 | 1994-9-6

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Coast. Mkomazi River. Near proposed Goodenough Dam wall.

General notes: Vegetation type: Short forest/thicket. Substrate: Soil on rock. Soil: Loam, organically rich. Exposure: Light shade. Lithology: Dwyka tillite. Aspect: South. Slope: Steep. Amongst boulders and on cliff ledge. Tree, 5.5m tall; stems several ex base cut much earlier; fruit orange-yellow when ripe. Common. Altitude - ca.25m.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0077099-0 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 1179 | 1983-6-23

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, The Crocodile.

General notes: Short forest, arid & open. T.M.S soil. South West aspect. Dry. Fruit green. 6 m high.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326365-0 Collector(s) & number: Obermeyer, AA, PRE 49816 | 1931-11-

South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG; TSHAKOMA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326299-0 Collector(s) & number: Fraser, FD 2405 | 1917-2-5

South Africa, Eastern Cape, NTSUBANE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326293-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 1411 | 1953-8-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.; MPANZAKAZI SLOPE OF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326294-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 2061 | 1946-10-16

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UBOMBO DIST.; MKUZE; 5 MI. NE. OF MKUSI ON RD. TO UBOMBO IN MKUSI RIVER VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0891886-0 Collector(s) & number: Schuhardt, DA, DS03380 | 2002-7-25

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Tombo (Port St. Johns).

General notes: Tropical. Steep slope. Pasture.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0700049-0 Collector(s) & number: Garland, IF, s.n. | 1968-11-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Hawaan Forest.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326359-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 744 | 1946-2-1

South Africa, North West, BRITS DIST.; HARTEBEESTPOORT DAM; JACKSONSTUIN 5 MI. W. OF HARTE- BEESTPOORTDAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0517975-0 Collector(s) & number: Culverwell, J, 872 | 1977-6-12

Eswatini, LUBOMBO MTS.; BLACK MBULUZI RIVER; BLUE JAY RANCH 3 MI. W. UPSTREAM OF MOCAMBIQUE BORDER ON S. BANK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0077877-0 Collector(s) & number: Taylor, RH, 693 | 1983-2-26

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Lake St. Lucia, Hlabisa - False Bay Park.

General notes: Clay soil; in area of closed canopy. Sweet scent. Leaves pointed, very regular on branch, all in same place. 3m high. Flowers yellow/orange.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0077934-0 Collector(s) & number: Nichols, G, 640 | 1983-8-6

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve.

General notes: Tree at side of road. In fruit - green. 1-1,5cm in diametre. Young stems are black.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0617487-0 Collector(s) & number: Venter, S, 6152 | 1981-7-14

South Africa, Limpopo, BLAAUWBERG; LEIPZIG 264 LR FARM, KLOOF BEHIND MISSION STATION

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0558519-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholson, HB, 2096 | 1980-9-18

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PORT SHEPSTONE DIST.; ORIBI GORGE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0059048-0 Collector(s) & number: Moll, EJ, 3583 | 1967-5-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Umzinto District. Umpambinyoni River Valley North of Umzinto.

General notes: Canopy tree to 30', diametre at breast height 8". In dry river valley forest. Fruits green. Tree common.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326362-0 Collector(s) & number: Theron, GK, 1486 | --

South Africa, Mpumalanga, LOSKOP DAM NAT. RES.; ZAAGKUIL; LAASTE KLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0891887-0 Collector(s) & number: Schuhardt, DA, DS03388 | 2002-7-25

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Tombo (Port St. Johns).

General notes: Tropical. Steep slope. Pasture.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0891888-0 Collector(s) & number: Schuhardt, DA, DS03390 | 2002-7-25

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Tombo (Port St. Johns).

General notes: Tropical. Steep slope. Pasture.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0700048-0 Collector(s) & number: Ross, JH, 1798 | 1968-2-28

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, 3m. S. of Makanes Drift.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326353-0 Collector(s) & number: Theron, GK, 1487 | 1967-7-18

South Africa, Mpumalanga, ZAAGKUIL; LAASTE KLOOF HOOG OP IN KLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0105129-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 2453 | 1988-12-5

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Ndumo Game Reserve.Ulukhondo sand forest.

General notes: Orange sandy soil. Multi-stem tree. Flowers yellow. ca. 6 m high.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0668633-0 Collector(s) & number: Raal, P, 536 | 1985-5-7

South Africa, Limpopo, SANDBACH 787 MS.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0697444-0 Collector(s) & number: Stalmans, M, 1557 | 1987-3-25

South Africa, Limpopo, LEKGALAMEETSE N. R.; CYPRUS; ABOVE THE SHACK, PATH THROUGH "NECK" TO MAKUTSI-VALLEY.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0075444-0 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 633 | 1982-12-24

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve. Rose Cliffs.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326356-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 8619 | 1961-4-29

South Africa, Limpopo, PIETERSBURG DIST.; BLOUBERG; LENARE MT. SLOPE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326345-0 Collector(s) & number: Pienaar, JN, 80 | 1973-9-19

South Africa, Limpopo, OFCOLACO; CYPRUS PLAAS 500 M VANAF MENEER RENNY SE HUIS IN KLOOF OP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0508081-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 12644 | 1994-9-6

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Coast: Mkomazi River; Near proposed Goodenough Dam wall.

General notes: Stems several ex base cut much earlier.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0146253-0 Collector(s) & number: van Wyk, AE, 1288 | 1975-12-6

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Oribi Gorge. Natuurreservaat.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0604470-0 Collector(s) & number: Prior, J, 418 | 1980-7-28

Eswatini, JILOBI FOREST; EAST SIDE OF JILOBI FOREST, 5 KM NW. OF TIKUBA STORE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0326342-0 Collector(s) & number: van Warmelo, NJ, 5116/20 | 1951-1-6

South Africa, Limpopo, SIBASA DIST.; MAKONDE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0514896-0 Collector(s) & number: Botha, DJ, 2074 | 1977-11-10

South Africa, Gauteng, MAGALIESBERG; BREEDTSNEK; KLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0809956-0 Collector(s) & number: Taylor, HC, PRF 75 | 1949-10-

South Africa, Gauteng, Magaliesberg District; Trident.

General notes: Det: F. von Breitenbach

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0538247-0 Collector(s) & number: Prov. Admin., 6001 | 1976-12-10

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; KHANDIZWE KOP; W. VAN KOP RUIE KLOFIE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

2019

SERIES CHAPTER

Strychnaceae Bredenkamp, CL; Madlokazi, N

In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2)1556-1557

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

2006

BOOK

Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Sub-Saharan Africa Klopper, RR; Chatelain, C; Banninger, V; Spichiger, R

SANBI, Pretoria

1997

SERIES

Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters Retief, E; Herman, PPJ

Strelitzia 6: 1-681

National Botanical Institute, Pretoria

1994

BOOK

African ethnobotany : poisons and drugs : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology Neuwinger, HD

1963

FLORA

Loganiaceae Verdoorn, IC

Flora of Southern Africa 26: 134-171

Dept. Agric. and Technical Services, Pretoria

1957

PERIODICAL/JOURNAL

Strychnos usambarensis Gilg Verdoorn, IC; Letty, CL; Verdoorn, F

Flowering Plants of South Africa 32: , t.1242

No results found for Strychnos usambarensis Gilg

Status

Status and criteria

NE

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Part(s) of plant used Use(s) Reference
Leaves Pain relief Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Stomach complaints (Body part: Stomach Used by: Zulu) Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]
Stem bark Tonic Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Weakness: general Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]
Stem bark Weakness: general Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]
Stem bark Pain relief Hutchings, A; Scott, HA; Lewis, G; Cunningham, AB (eds). 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. [All rights reserved]

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