e-Key v3 - Ke<span id="jodit_selection_marker_1706191007047_9419017013837541" data-jodit_selection_marker="start" style="line-height: 0; display: none;"></span>y to Aster<span id="jodit_selection_marker_1706191007047_2638337417777852" data-jodit_selection_marker="end" style="line-height: 0; display: none;"></span>aceae Genera
SANBI Flora Keys Logo
Interactive keys to the identification of seed plants of southern Africa using keys based on plant morphology.
  • This is an aggregated key in which the ranks between that of Family and of Genus are ignored
  • * Consider cypselas to be black if the body of the mature cypsela is shiny-black, at least in part; paler striations, ribs or wings may be present
Backtrack a
  • Plants monocotyledonous in appearance
  • Capitula discoid, 1-flowered
  • Upper involucral bracts sheathing flower
 Corymbium
b
  • Plants not exhibiting the above characters in combination
 002
Backtrack a
  • Corollas not strap-shaped, if radiate, then these with 4 or fewer equal or unequal apical teeth
  • Latex rarely present
 002
b
  • Corollas all strap-shaped, equally 5-toothed at the apex (florets ligulate - no. 6)
  • Latex present in plant
 002
Backtrack a
  • Sweeping hairs, endothecial cells and lobes of disc florets not as below
 002
b
  • Style branches with sweeping hairs consisting of 2 or 3 cells separated by vertical walls
  • Endothecial cells with transverse thickenings in only basal half
  • Lobes of disc florets with accessory apical vein
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches, capitula, corollas and mature cypselas not showing the below combination of character states
 002
b
  • Style branches with conspicuous papillose appendages
  • Capitula discoid, with florets all bisexual, not yellow
  • Corollas with 5(4) relatively short, broad apical lobes
  • Mature cypselas black*
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts uniseriate, cohering by their overlapping margins, or partly or wholly connate, with or without a calyculus
  • Pappus present
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts imbricate, in 2 or more rows, free or connate
  • OR uniseriate but then bracts not cohering or pappus 0 or capitula unisexual or cypselas densely villous with long hairs from base
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts with evident elongated oil glands
  • Cypselas black# when mature
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts without elongated oil glands
  • Cypselas not black# when mature
 002
Backtrack a
  • Styles and capitula not exhibiting below combination of character states, or capitula unisexual
 002
b
  • Style branches long, gradually attenuate-acute, shortly hairy on outside, style shaft similarly hairy on upper part
  • Capitula homogamous, all florets bisexual
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula without any such bilabiate florets
 002
b
  • Capitula with all or only outer florets bilabiate
  • Corollas with 3-toothed outer lips and 2-lobed inner lips
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid; iInvolucral bracts without scarious unlobed appendages or apices, and without scarious margins
  • OR capitula radiant (capitula discoid but outer florets ± enlarged and sterile, not true ray flowers)
  • OR capitula unisexual and plants dioecious; appendages of involucral bracts, if present, spiniform and/or pinnately divided
 002
b
  • Capitula radiate or disciform but not radiant as above
  • OR capitula discoid and involucral bracts with unlobed, scarious, often white or coloured appendages or apices or with scarious, usually brownish margins, but not with spiniform and/or pinnately divided appendages
  • OR capitula unisexual and plants monoecious
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves spiny or bristly spiny at least towards base
 002
b
  • Leaves neither spiny nor bristly spiny
 002
Backtrack a
  • Anthers not tailed (ecaudate)
  • Receptacle alveolate with fringed alveolae
 002
b
  • Anthers tailed (caudate)
  • Receptacle densely setose
 002
Backtrack a
  • Corolla lobes of tubular florets much longer than broad
  • Leaves alternate
  • Capitula of more than 1 floret, not aggregated into glomerules
 002
b
  • Corolla lobes ± as long as broad, or if much longer than broad then leaves opposite
  • Capitula sometimes of only 1 floret, or capitula aggregated into glomerules (go to couplet 14)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle densely setose
  • Inner florets bisexual, outer sterile
 002
b
  • Receptacle naked, not setose
  • All florets unisexual
  • Plants dioecious
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches of disc florets long to short or 0 but connate lower part of style branches, if present, not as below or capitula unisexual and plants monoecious
 002
b
  • Style branches of disc florets connate in lower part, connate part thicker than style shaft and abruptly marked off from it by ring of short hairs at its base
  • Capitula always bisexual
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle epaleate (although sometimes hairy or fimbrillate)
  • OR receptacle paleate and leaves not opposite (although sometimes opposite on upper stem) and cypselas not black# when mature, or capitula not unisexual; capitula glomerulate or not
  • OR if lower leaves opposite then pappus of slender barbellate bristles, at least in disc florets, or pappus 0, receptacle naked and capitula not glomerulate
 002
b
  • Receptacle paleate and leaves opposite, or leaves not opposite and mature cypselas black# and/or capitula glomerulate
  • OR receptacle epaleate and pappus of scales and/or leaves opposite and/or mature cypselas black and/or capitula unisexual and/or capitula glomerulate; pappus not of slender bristles, or if of bristles then bristles plumose
 Receptacular paleae present: 002
Receptacular paleae absent: 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches of bisexual or functionally male florets each with a subulate to triangular papillose appendage
 002
b
  • Style branches of bisexual or functionally male florets acute to rounded, or truncate and fringed with short hairs or papillae, or shortly conical at apex with subdistal fringe of hairs, not appendaged; or style undivided
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle, pappus and capitula not showing the below combination of character states
 002
b
  • Receptacle alveolate
  • Pappus a deeply and unequally laciniate corona
  • Capitula disciform
 Receptacular paleae present: 002
Receptacular paleae absent: 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts green and herbaceous (though often with hyaline margins), or with scarious, membranous, often white or coloured appendages or apices, or rarely appendages foliose
  • Leaves never pinnatipartite
  • Pappus of hairs or scales present in at least some florets, or if 0 then style branches not truncate and fringed
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts with scarious, usually brown, often erose margins, not appendaged
  • Leaves often pinnatipartite
  • Style branches apically truncate and fringed, or style undivided and truncate
  • Pappus 0, or if present, then a short lacerate crown or lobed auricle, or leaves pinnatipartite and outer pappus of 5 white petaloid scales
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present or 0
  • Fruit small cypselas and not as below
  • Capitula radiate or disciform
 002
b
  • Pappus 0
  • Fruit large, curved, angular or winged cypselas, or smooth drupes
  • Capitula radiate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate, disciform or discoid
  • Ray florets, if present, female
  • Style branches not as below
 002
b
  • Capitula radiate
  • Ray florets neuter, or if fertile then style branches shortly conical at apex with subdistal fringe of hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Stems with or without resin ducts
  • Leaves dentate, denticulate, serrulate or pinnatifid, rarely entire, with hairs of type A (multiseptate hairs with short cells)
  • Involucral bracts with undivided sclerenchymatous portion
  • Pollen with 1-layered sexine
 002
b
  • Stems without resin ducts
  • Leaves generally entire, with hairs of type B (hairs with 1 basal cell and a very long terminal cell)
  • Involucral bracts with entire or divided sclerenchymatous basal portion
  • Pollen with 2-layered double sexine
 002
Backtrack a
  • Female florets in 1 row, radiate, miniradiate, rarely filiform, or absent
  • Style with acute sweeping hairs ending below furcation, rarely with obtuse sweeping hairs (Anisopappus)
 002
b
  • Female florets in several rows, filiform or rarely radiate
  • Style with obtuse sweeping hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle distinctly paleate with paleae subtending florets
 002
b
  • Receptacle completely epaleate (though sometimes pilose or hirsute) or capitula few-flowered and presence of paleae unclear
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
 002
b
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Rays yellow, rarely abaxially reddish
 002
b
  • Rays white or rarely pink to reddish on both sides
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts in 5-7 rows
 Ursinia
b
  • Involucral bracts in 1 row
 Eriocephalus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of 5 (rarely 8-10) large obovate scales and sometimes 5 additional subulate scales
 Ursinia
b
  • Pappus a shallow corona, an auricle or of small scales or 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas copiously villous
 002
b
  • Cypselas glabrous, sometimes glandular or papillose
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts in 2-4 rows
 Lasiospermum
b
  • Involucral bracts in 1 row
 Eriocephalus
Backtrack a
  • Shrubs with opposite leaves (leaves alternate in Eumorphia davyi)
  • Cypselas with 10 or more ribs
 Eumorphia
b
  • Herbs or rarely shrubs with alternate leaves (rarely with some leaves opposite basally on stem)
  • Cypselas various
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened and with 2 lateral ribs but no wings
 *Achillea
b
  • Cypselas various, sometimes dorsiventrally flattened but then rhombic in cross-section and without 2 lateral ribs and not or only narrowly winged
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves serrate-dentate, rarely pinnatifid or entire
  • Anthers caudate
 Osmitopsis
b
  • Leaves pinnatisect to variously lobed
  • Anthers not caudate
 *Anthemis
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present, of scales, an auricle or a corona
 002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim (rarely with pseudopappus of bristle-like stalked glands in Athanasia)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of 5 (rarely 8-10) large obovate scales and sometimes 5 additional subulate scales
 Ursinia
b
  • Pappus a shallow corona, an auricle or of small scales
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula narrowly oblong-obconical, slender and few-flowered
  • Indumentum of stellate hairs
 Hymenolepis
b
  • Capitula rather widely urceolate to cyathiform-campanulate
  • Indumentum of simple or bifid hairs
 Inulanthera
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas glabrous, sometimes glandular
 Athanasia
b
  • Cypselas copiously villous
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts in 2-4 rows
 Lasiospermum
b
  • Involucral bracts in 1 row
 Eriocephalus
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
 002
b
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Rays yellow, rarely partly white or reddish or abaxially reddish
 002
b
  • Rays white, rarely pink to reddish, bluish violet or creamy orange, but not yellow
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present in ray or disc cypselas or generally in all cypselas, of scales, an auricle or a corona
 002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened and with 2 lateral broad wings, annual herbs with entire, fleshy leaves
 Adenoglossa
b
  • Cypselas oblong, 4-angled, perennial herbs, leaves not fleshy
 Inezia
Backtrack a
  • Ray cypselas triquetrous, winged
  • Disc cypselas prismatic with narrow adaxial wing or terete and apparently ribbed
 *Chrysanthemum
b
  • Cypselas all equal, oblong or obovoid, without wings or dorsiventrally flattened and laterally winged
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla 4-lobed
  • Rays not true ray florets but outer disc florets with 1 corolla lobe expanded to a limb
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened
 Cotula
b
  • Disc corolla 5-lobed
  • Rays true ray florets with apically 3-lobed laminas
  • Cypselas oblong or obovoid, ribbed
 *Leucanthemum
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present at least in ray cypselas, of scales, an auricle or a corona (sometimes almost absent in Tanacetum but cypselas then apically with acute rim)
 002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim (mainly abaxial and somewhat toothed in Oncosiphon)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
 Foveolina
b
  • More or less suffruticose perennials, shrublets or shrubs
 002
Backtrack a
  • More or less suffruticose perennials
 *Tanacetum
b
  • Woody shrubs or shrublets
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened and laterally winged
 Leucoptera
b
  • Cypselas ± terete, not winged
 Cymbopappus
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla 4-lobed
 002
b
  • Disc corolla 5-lobed
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves entire, lanceolate to linear
 Thaminophyllum
b
  • Leaves variously lobed or pinnatisect, not entire
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla tube very much swollen and brittle
 Oncosiphon
b
  • Disc corolla tube not or only slightly swollen
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves with few, oblong to rounded, apically mucronate lobes
  • Receptacle pilose
 Lidbeckia
b
  • Leaves variously pinnatisect
  • Receptacle glabrous
 002
Backtrack a
  • Shrubs
  • Cypselas subglobose with 2 or 3 adaxial faint ribs
 Hilliardia
b
  • Herbs
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened
 002
Backtrack a
  • Rays not true ray florets but outer disc florets with 1 corolla lobe expanded to a limb, ray florets and cypselas stalked
 Cotula
b
  • Rays true ray florets with apically 3-lobed or entire lamina, ray florets and cypselas sessile
 Inezia
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
 Eumorphia
b
  • Leaves alternate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla tube confluent with cypsela
  • Cypsela ribs with resin ducts
  • Leaves serrate
 Adenanthellum
b
  • Disc corolla tube not confluent with cypsela
  • Cypsela ribs without resin ducts
  • Leaves entire or few-lobed
 Phymaspermum
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present, of scales, an auricle or a corona
 002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim (mainly abaxial and somewhat toothed in Oncosiphon
  • Rarely with pseudopappus of bristle-like stalked glands in Athanasia)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
 002
b
  • Perennial herbs or often subshrubs, shrublets or shrubs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypsela wall and pappus white and spongy, abaxially thin
 Foveolina
b
  • Cypsela wall not white and spongy
  • With 1 adaxial and 2 lateral ± thick ribs
  • Pappus a stiff corona covered with myxogenic cells
 Myxopappus
Backtrack a
  • Capitula closely aggregated at stems
  • Leaves small, ericoid, entire or occasionally few-lobed
  • Pappus of 7-10 oblong, adaxially longer scales
 Marasmodes
b
  • Capitula solitary or laxly to densely corymbose
  • Leaves and pappus various
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula narrowly oblong-obconical, slender and few-flowered
  • Pubescent shrubs
  • Indumentum of stellate hairs
 Hymenolepis
b
  • Capitula generally urceolate to cyathiform or campanulate
  • Habit various
  • Indumentum if present of simple or bifid hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Shrubs with corymbose capitula and pinnatisect leaves
  • Cypselas 8-10-ribbed
  • Pappus of small scales projecting from cypsela ribs
 Inulanthera
b
  • Shrubs with ± ericoid leaves\
  • Pappus of scales not distinctly projecting from cypsela ribs, a corona or an auricle
 Pentzia
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
  • Shrubs with sessile or corymbose capitula
 002
b
  • Leaves alternate, rarely opposite but then habit or capitula different
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves entire
  • Capitula sessile
 Athanasia
b
  • Leaves pinnatifid
  • Capitula corymbose
 Gymnopentzia
Backtrack a
  • Capitula in elongated and paniculate, rarely racemiform or spiciform synflorescences, often small and many
 Artemisia
b
  • Capitula solitary or in lax to dense corymbs, small to medium-sized
 002
Backtrack a
  • Central floret corolla 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed in Cotula)
 002
b
  • Central floret corolla 5-lobed
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened with 2 lateral ± distinct ribs or wings
 002
b
  • Cypselas not or only slightly dorsiventrally flattened without or with 3-5 ribs and no wings
 002
Backtrack a
  • Shrublets or subshrubs with corymbose or occasionally solitary capitula
 Schistostephium
b
  • Annual or perennial herbs with solitary capitula, rarely few together
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula sessile
  • Outer female florets without corolla and with style persistent and spinescent in fruit
 *Soliva
b
  • Capitula ± pedunculate
  • Outer female florets with corolla
  • Style not persistent
 Cotula
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla tube very much swollen and brittle
 Oncosiphon
b
  • Disc corolla tube not or only slightly swollen
  • Cypsela wall either white and spongy with 1 adaxial and 2 lateral weak ribs, abaxially thin or cypselas almost terete and thin-walled all around
 Foveolina
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
 Foveolina
b
  • Perennial herbs or often subshrubs, shrublets or shrubs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened, with or without lateral wings
 Hippia
b
  • Cypselas not dorsiventrally flattened, not winged
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypsela ribs acute, with secretory cavities
  • Corolla gradually expanded and funnel-shaped
 Athanasia
b
  • Cypselas without ribs or ribs faint or rounded, without secretory cavities
  • Corolla ± distinctly divided into tube and limb
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas 10-18-ribbed
 Phymaspermum
b
  • Cypselas with 0 or fewer than 10 ribs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Corolla lobes cucullate, anthers shortly calcarate, involucral bracts in 3(4) rows, inner row smaller than outer 2 and membranous
 Rennera
b
  • Corolla lobes not cucullate, anthers ecalcarate
  • Involucral bracts in 3-5 rows
 Pentzia
Backtrack
008 		a
  • Capitula discoid, massed in a cushion covering the crown of the root and surrounded by a rosette of leaves
 Platycarpha
b
  • Capitula radiate, if discoid, then not massed in a cushion surrounded by leaves
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts ± free, the inner ones at least obtuse, scarious at the tips and on the margins
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts connate at base or higher, acute or acuminate, often spine-tipped
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus with subplumose bristles
 Heterolepis
b
  • Pappus 0 or of scales
 002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets sterile, not producing cypselas
  • Pappus 0 or of small scales
 Arctotheca
b
  • Ray florets female, producing cypselas
 002
Backtrack a
  • Acaulescent herbs
 002
b
  • Stems diffuse or matted
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas flat and deeply grooved on one face, convex and tubercled on the other
 Arctotis
b
  • Cypselas turbinate
 Haplocarpha
Backtrack a
  • Stems forming dense mats
  • Pappus of two rings of short, ovate-acuminate, laciniate scales
 Dymondia
b
  • Stems diffusely branched
  • Pappus 0 or of 1 or 2 rows of larger or small scales
 Arctotis
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0
  • Shrublets
  • Branches slender, densely leafy up to the capitula
 Cullumia
b
  • Pappus present
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle with outer honeycomb-cavities thick-walled, inner ones membranous
  • Pappus scales ciliate to fimbriate
 002
b
  • Receptacle uniformally honeycombed
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucre bracts in 3 rows, the middle ones the largest
  • Receptacle not breaking up at maturity
 Heterorhachis
b
  • Involucre bracts in 2 rows, outer ovate, inner slender
  • Receptacle breaking up at maturity
 Didelta
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs, sometimes wiry
  • Seeds germinating from within old capitula
 002
b
  • Perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, rarely annuals
  • Seeds not germinating within capitula
  • Pappus biseriate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets with only a few fertile
  • Pappus short, coroniform, hidden by hairs of cypselas
 Gorteria
b
  • Disc florets bisexual, all fertile
  • Pappus scales linear
 Cuspidia
Backtrack a
  • Involucre bracts slightly fused at base, pungent-toothed or -lobed
 Berkheya
b
  • Involucre bracts fused in the lower half, sometimes setose, not spinescent
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus scales of outer whorl not overlapping, the inner ones equal or somewhat longer
  • Sap milky
 Gazania
b
  • Pappus scales of outer whorl spirally overlapping, inner whorl small or obsolete
 Hirpicium
Backtrack a
  • Plants dioecious
 *Baccharis
b
  • Plants monoecious
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus uniseriate
 002
b
  • Pappus biseriate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Anthers shortly caudate
  • Receptacle paleate
 Poecilolepis
b
  • Anthers ecaudate
  • Receptacle epaleate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula distinctly radiate
 002
b
  • Capitula disciform or discoid
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas ellipsoid-oblong, with swollen margin and apically surmounted by horny collar
 Polyarrhena
b
  • Cypselas strongly compressed, without apical ring
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of plumose bristles
 002
b
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Fertile cypselas moderately to densely strigose-sericeous with filiform hairs
  • Rays white to blue or yellow
  • Pappus of ray cypselas similar to that of disc (sterile) cypselas, of plumose bristles
 Zyrphelis
b
  • Fertile cypselas moderately to densely invested with short, white papillae or glabrous to glabrate
  • Rays white to blue
  • Pappus of ray cypselas 0 or of only 1 or 2 plumose or short-serrate bristles (with many bristles in 1 species), disc (sterile) cypselas with more bristles
 Gymnostephium
Backtrack a
  • Scandent or twining shrubs
 Microglossa
b
  • Herbs or shrubs, not scandent or twining
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets bisexual, rarely functionally male
  • Pappus bristles many
 Felicia
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Pappus bristles 0 or 1-3
 Gymnostephium
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
 Felicia
b
  • Capitula disciform or shortly radiate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Outer female florets in 1 row
 Nolletia
b
  • Outer female florets in 2 to many rows
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle ± swollen
  • Style branches with lanceolate appendages
  • Pappus 0 or of 1 or 2 bristles
 Dichrocephala
b
  • Characters not as above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of few basally connate scaly bristles, a corona or 0
 Grangea
b
  • Pappus of many barbellate bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Cypselas turbinate
  • Shrubs
 Psiadia
b
  • Disc florets bisexual, rarely some functionally male
  • Cypselas obovoid-oblong or ellipsoid, compressed
  • Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Marginal florets (short rays) yellow
 Nidorella
b
  • Marginal florets (short rays) white, pink or mauve
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branch appendages larger than stigmatic area, lanceolate-linear, acute or acuminate
  • Cypselas obovoid-oblong, somewhat compressed, pubescent and glandular
 Aster
b
  • Style branch appendages lanceolate to triangular
  • Cypselas obovoid-oblong, sometimes compressed, pubescent
 Conyza
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
 002
b
  • Capitula disciform or discoid
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles only
 002
b
  • Pappus an outer row of scales and an inner row of bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves in basal rosette
  • Pappus of plumose bristles
 Mairia
b
  • Leaves alternate, scattered along stem
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branch appendages longer than stigmatic area, lanceolate-linear, acute or acuminate
 Aster
b
  • Style branch appendages shorter than stigmatic areas, lanceolate to triangular, acute or obtuse
 *Erigeron
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles plumose
 Mairia
b
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
 Engleria
b
  • Leaves alternate, rarely lower ones opposite
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle mostly paleate
 Amellus
b
  • Receptacle epaleate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves small, ericoid
  • Cypselas with 2 resin sacs in ribs
 Chrysocoma
b
  • Leaves usually broad or long, not ericoid
  • Cypselas without ribs and resin sacs
 Aster
Backtrack a
  • Capitula disciform
 002
b
  • Capitula discoid
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles only
 Conyza
b
  • Pappus of bristles and scales
 Amellus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles only
 002
b
  • Pappus of bristles and scales
 002
Backtrack a
  • Perennial herbs
  • Leaves alternate, sometimes radical
  • Cypselas oblong-obovoid, slightly compressed, usually 3-ribbed, glandular
 Heteromma
b
  • Shrublets or shrubs
  • Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes fascicled or alternate
  • Cypselas obovoid or turbinate, sometimes compressed, sometimes narrowed into short, apical beak, glabrous to villous
 Pteronia
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas without resin sacs
  • Receptacle mostly paleate
 Amellus
b
  • Cypselas with resin sacs in ribs
  • Receptacle epaleate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
 Engleria
b
  • Leaves alternate, ericoid
 Chrysocoma
Backtrack a
  • Fruit a drupe
 Chrysanthemoides
b
  • Fruit a cypsela
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style deeply bifurcate with hairs reaching below point of furcation
 Garuleum
b
  • Style shallowly bifid or bilobed with short apical collar of hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas homomorphic, rarely hetero- or dimorphic
 002
b
  • Cypselas hetero- or polymorphic
 002
Backtrack a
  • Ray cypselas kidney-shaped with ventral cavity
 Gibbaria
b
  • Ray cypselas 3-winged with apical fenestrate airchamber
  • Sometimes some cypselas wingless and rostrate
 Tripteris
c
  • Ray cypselas straight or somewhat curved, triquetrous, 3-winged or terete or ribbed or tuberculate or with various processes
  • With or without apical cavities
 Osteospermum
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets mostly bisexual, fertile
  • Disc cypselas laterally flattened with thickened margins
 Dimorphotheca
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
 002
Backtrack a
  • Outer ray cypselas cymbiform, somewhat curved, rostrate or triquetrous; inner distinctly curved, sometimes winged, sometimes annular; dorsally rugose to tuberculate-aculeate
 *Calendula
b
  • Ray cypselas slightly curved and wingless or straight and 3-winged or rostrate and wingless, with or without apical cavity; smooth or rugose-aculeate
 Oligocarpus
c
  • Ray cypselas straight or somewhat curved, triquetrous, 3-winged or terete or ribbed or tuberculate or with various processes; with or without apical cavities
 Osteospermum
Backtrack
010 		a
  • Dwarf shrubs
  • Leaves with a spinose-dentate margin
 *Carthamus
b
  • Herbs
  • Leaves not as above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus with hairs connate at base
 002
b
  • Pappus with hairs free to base
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of plumose hairs
 *Cirsium
b
  • Pappus of scabrid hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Filaments free
 *Carduus
b
  • Filaments connate
 *Silybum
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of long, subacuminate scales surrounded by long hairs
 *Mantisalca
b
  • Pappus of several rows of simple, sometimes scale-like, hairs
 *Centaurea
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
  • Leaves spiniform
  • Corolla limbs glabrous
  • Anther appendages shortly oblong with apiculate tips
 Hoplophyllum
b
  • Capitula radiate
  • Leaves oblanceolate
  • Corolla limbs with hairs and glands outside
  • Anther appendages lanceolate
 Eremothamnus
Backtrack a
  • Anthers without an apical appendage or minutely apiculate
  • Pappus of 3 or 5 gland-tipped processes
 Adenostemma
b
  • Anthers with an apical appendage
  • Pappus of eglandular bristles or scales
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of scales
 *Ageratum
b
  • Pappus of bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts 4 or 5
  • Plant a twiner or scrambler
 Mikania
b
  • Involucral bracts many, if few
  • Plant erect, not twining
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle rounded to conical
 *Campuloclinium
b
  • Receptacle flat or convex
 002
Backtrack a
  • Individual pappus bristles easily deciduous
 *Ageratina
b
  • Pappus bristles persistent, not easily deciduous
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts with tips coloured, deciduous
  • Pappus of many, capillary bristles
 *Chromolaena
b
  • Involucral bracts and pappus not as above
  • Cypselas 5- to 8-ribbed, with many setulae
 Stomatanthes
Backtrack a
  • Leaves denticulate, dentate, serrulate, serrate or lobed
  • Involucral bracts cartilaginous or herbaceous, without papery lamina
 002
b
  • Leaves entire or else involucral bracts have a papery lamina
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
 002
b
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle paleate
 002
b
  • Receptacle epaleate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles and crown of scales
 Philyrophyllum
b
  • Pappus of rigid awns
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts with terminal arista
  • Ray florets purple
  • Disc florets yellow
  • Pappus of 5 scale-like awns with bristle-like projection
 Alatoseta
b
  • Involucral bracts without arista
  • Ray florets creamy white or blue
  • Disc florets purplish black
  • Pappus of few rigid canaliculate awns
 Callilepis
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets yellow or white
  • Pappus of bristles in 1 row with outer row of scales (N.B. some Printzia species may have yellow or greenish ray florets but then with pappus of bristles in many rows)
 Pentatrichia
b
  • Ray florets purple
  • Pappus of bristles in several rows
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves broad (more than 10 mm)
  • Anthers projecting out of corolla at early stage, preflorally
 Printzia
b
  • Leaves narrow (less than 10 mm)
  • Anthers projecting at later stage, postflorally
 002

Backtrack
137

a
  • Involucral bracts with shortly stalked glandular hairs
  • Cypselas hairy but without glands
  • Leaves xeromorphic, needle-like
 Athrixia
b
  • Involucral bracts with long-stalked glandular hairs
  • Cypselas hairy and glandular
  • Leaves herbaceous
 Lepidostephium
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of slender, capillary bristles and scales
  • Involucral bracts recurved
  • Capitula discoid
 002
b
  • Pappus of bristles only or of rigid awns or of short rigid bristles and scales
  • Involucral bracts not recurved
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaf surface smooth, veins indistinct
  • Capitula large (more than 10 mm)
  • Pappus with 5-8 bristles
 Anisothrix
b
  • Leaf surface more or less rugose, veins distinct
  • Capitula small (less than 10 mm)
  • Pappus with 4 or 5 bristles
 Pentatrichia
Backtrack a
  • Leaves large, deeply lobed
  • Capitula small, discoid, in large divaricate, leafy panicles
  • Corolla very deeply lobed
 Anisochaeta
b
  • Leaves smaller, not lobed
  • Capitula disciform, not in divaricate panicles
  • Corolla with short lobes
 002
Backtrack a
  • Stem and leaves villose
  • Florets yellow
  • Pappus of short rigid bristles and short scales
 Artemisiopsis
b
  • Stem and leaves glabrous or puberulous
  • Florets white or blue
  • Pappus of 1 plumose capillary bristle only
 Denekia
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts cartilaginous or herbaceous
  • Capitula radiate
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts with papery lamina or else capitula disciform or discoid
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves small, densely tomentose to villose on both sides
 Printzia
b
  • Leaves often glabrous and shiny above, not tomentose or villose on both sides
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of triquetrous awns
  • Ray florets creamy white or blue
  • Disc florets purplish black
 Callilepis
b
  • Pappus of capillary bristles
  • Florets not as above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles in several rows
  • Ray florets not yellow (Athrixia and Lepidostephium, but see also Macowania pinifolia)
 002
b
  • Pappus of bristles in 1 row or 0
  • Ray florets yellow or white
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves very long and slender, acicular
  • Pappus 0
 Oxylaena
b
  • Leaves not very slender, short to moderately long, not acicular
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves flat, very pungent
  • Corolla with long woolly hairs
  • Pappus bristles caducous
 Arrowsmithia
b
  • Leaves revolute, pungent or not
  • Corolla without woolly hairs
  • Pappus bristles persistent
 Macowania
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
 002
b
  • Capitula disciform or discoid
 002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets yellow
 002
b
  • Ray florets purple, pink or white
 002
Backtrack a
  • Plants compact, cushion-forming
 Oreoleysera
b
  • Plants not cushion-forming
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of capillary bristles, scales 0
 Antithrixia
b
  • Pappus at least in ray florets with conspicuous scales, bristles present or 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles distinctly plumose
 Leysera
b
  • Pappus bristles scabrid-barbellate or 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual or biennial herbs
 002
b
  • Perennial subshrubs, shrublets or shrubs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas densely hairy with long, apically coiled hairs
 Rhynchopsidium
b
  • Cypselas almost glabrous
 Nestlera
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets with 1-4 pappus bristles
 Rosenia
b
  • Disc florets without pappus bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Plants glabrous (if hairy then with capitula congested in secondary heads)
  • Capitula generally cymose-corymbose to clustered in secondary heads (if solitary then with glabrous, ± distinctly 1-nerved leaves)
 Oedera
b
  • Plants ± hairy or glandular-hairy (if glabrous then with distinctly 3-9-nerved leaves)
  • Capitula generally solitary (if corymbose then with hairy leaves)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves with long, glandular hairs
 Comborhiza
b
  • Leaves without long, glandular hairs
 Relhania
Backtrack a
  • Plants compact, moss-like
  • Disc florets wine-red
 Bryomorphe
b
  • Plants not moss-like
  • Disc florets yellow, pink or white
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of 5 broad scale-like awns with bristle-like projection
  • Involucral bracts with long terminal arista
 Alatoseta
b
  • Pappus of plumose capillary bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few-flowered, in dense globose clusters
 Disparago
b
  • Capitula with more florets; well separated in loose clusters
 Amphiglossa
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts entirely cartilaginous or herbaceous or sometimes with minute papery apical portion
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts conspicuously papery
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula 1-flowered
 Stoebe
b
  • Capitula with 2 or more florets
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula arranged in spikes or in dense glomerules
 Elytropappus
b
  • Capitula solitary, neither arranged in spikes nor in dense glomerules
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small
  • Pappus of plumose bristles
 Amphiglossa
b
  • Capitula larger
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
 Lachnospermum
Backtrack a
  • Florets purple, at least apically or basally
 002
b
  • Florets yellow
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves adaxially concave, often tomentose adaxially only
 002
b
  • Leaves flat or revolute, not tomentose adaxially only
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves twisted or straight
  • Capitula discoid
  • Pappus barbellate
 002
b
  • Leaves straight
  • Capitula disciform or sometimes discoid but then pappus plumose
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large, more or less campanulate, rather few
 002
b
  • Capitula small, narrowly cylindrical, many
 002
Backtrack a
  • All involucral bracts conspicuously white
  • Leaves linear, ericoid
 Hydroidea
b
  • Only innermost bracts conspicuously white
  • Leaves neither ericoid, nor linear
 002
Backtrack a
  • Apical pappus cells white, opaque
 Atricantha
b
  • Apical pappus cells hyaline, transparent
 Calotesta
Backtrack a
  • Apical pappus cells clavate
 Metalasia
b
  • Apical pappus cells acute
 Planea
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large (more than 10 mm)
 002
b
  • Capitula small (less than 10 mm)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas villose
  • Involucral bracts pink
  • Leaves minute, extremely densely adpressed
 Phaenocoma
b
  • Cypselas pilose or almost glabrous
  • Involucral bracts white, yellow, reddish or brown
  • Leaves not minute
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves small, triangular, erect, adpressed, adaxially concave and tomentose, abaxially glabrous
 Edmondia
b
  • Leaves not small and triangular, flattened, not erect, nor glabrous abaxially
 Syncarpha
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets generally bisexual
  • Pappus bristles basally with patent cilia, apical cells clavate
  • Endothecial tissue radial
 Ifloga
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Pappus bristles basally without patent cilia, apical cells not clavate
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
 Trichogyne
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid or disciform with female florets not outnumbering disc florets
 002
b
  • Capitula disciform with female florets outnumbering disc florets
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid (or occasionally with 1 or 2 filiform female florets)
 002
b
  • Capitula disciform (female florets frequent)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few, on filiform peduncles
 Troglophyton
b
  • Capitula several, ± sessile, in glomerules
 Vellereophyton
Backtrack a
  • Stereome divided
 002
b
  • Stereome undivided
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few, on filiform peduncles
 Troglophyton
b
  • Capitula several, ± sessile, in glomerules
 Vellereophyton
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle paleate
 002
b
  • Receptacle epaleate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves revolute, glabrous above, decurrent
  • Cypselas with scattered, short, clavate myxogenic hairs
 Tenrhynea
b
  • Leaves flat, villose above, not decurrent
  • Cypselas villose with elongated nonmyxogenic hairs
 Petalacte
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts not unguiculate
  • Outer ones without petaloid portion, inner ones with elongate petaloid portion
  • Pappus bristles with apical teeth short, subclavate, opaque
  • Disc floret style bifurcate
 Langebergia
b
  • Inner involucral bracts unguiculate with broader petaloid portion, outer ones partly membranous, not clawed
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves glabrous above (or sparsely pilose)
  • Flowering branches apically usually with reduced leaves (= corymbophore present)
  • Corolla purplish
  • Pappus reduced especially in female florets
 Anaxeton
b
  • Leaves tomentose on both sides (though sometimes glabrescent above with age)
  • Flowering branches evenly leafy to top (= corymbophore 0)
  • Corolla white or yellow
  • Pappus bristles well-developed in all florets
 Anderbergia
Backtrack a
  • Stereome divided
 002
b
  • Stereome undivided
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles basally connate in groups, pappus plumose
 *Facelis
b
  • Pappus bristles basally free or cohering by patent cilia
 002
Backtrack a
  • Stereome conspicuously divided
  • Pappus generally distinctly plumose or else cypselas with 2-celled, globose or unicellular, clavate hairs
 Lasiopogon
b
  • Stereome indistinctly divided
  • Pappus barbellate or possibly subplumose but then cypselas not as above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few, on filiform peduncles
 Troglophyton
b
  • Capitula several, ± sessile, in glomerules
 Vellereophyton
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas with globose hairs
  • Pappus basally connate
 *Gamochaeta
b
  • Cypselas with clavate or elongated hairs
  • Pappus free, connate or 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Perennial herbs with long, straggling branches
 Plecostachys
b
  • Perennial or annual herbs
  • Branches never long and straggling
 Gnaphalium
Backtrack a
  • Leaves minute, densely adpressed
  • Involucral bracts white
  • Cypselas villose
 Dolichothrix
b
  • Characters not as above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Outer involucral bracts subtending single female floret
  • Pappus apically plumose
 002
b
  • Outer involucral bracts not subtending single female floret
  • Pappus various
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets generally bisexual
  • Pappus bristles basally with patent cilia, apical cells clavate
  • Endothecial tissue radial
 Ifloga
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Pappus bristles basally without patent cilia, apical cells not clavate
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
 Trichogyne
Backtrack a
  • Capitula surrounded by involucre of lanate, radiating leaves
 Galeomma
b
  • Capitula not surrounded by lanate, radiating leaves
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
 002
b
  • Capitula disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Ovaries with relatively large and conspicuous white hairs, pappus bristles fused at base in a smooth ring, shaft usually plumose, rarely barbellate or smooth
 Syncarpha
b
  • Ovaries either without large white hairs or pappus bristles not fused at base (although they may cohere strongly by patent cilia)
 Helichrysum
Backtrack a
  • Female florets outnumbering disc florets
 002
b
  • Female florets fewer than disc florets
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles apically plumose, basally connate
  • Stereome undivided
  • Cypselas with globose, myxogenic twin-hairs
 Helichrysopsis
b
  • Pappus bristles barbellate, basally free
  • Stereome divided
  • Cypselas never with globose twin-hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula with less than 20 florets
 Helichrysum
b
  • Capitula with more than 20 florets
 Pseudognaphalium
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large, solitary or few together
  • Pappus basally connate, of many distinctly plumose bristles
  • Cypselas with globose hairs
 Syncarpha
b
  • Capitula large or small
  • Pappus barbellate or only somewhat plumose but then with few, basally free bristles
  • Cypselas not with globose hairs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large, solitary
  • Leaves small, triangular, adpressed, concave and adaxially tomentose
 Edmondia
b
  • Capitula small or, if large, then leaves not as above
 Helichrysum
Backtrack
005 		a
  • Involucral bracts connate for most of their length, gland-dotted
 *Tagetes
b
  • Involucral bracts free; not gland-dotted
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts many, appressed hairy, margins with long bristles
 *Gaillardia
b
  • Involucral bracts few (± 3-6), glabrous
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves pinnate, alternate
  • Individual heads solitary on long peduncles
 *Schkuhria
b
  • Leaves simple, opposite
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small, aggregated into secondary capitula, terminal and axillary
  • Pappus 0
 *Flaveria
b
  • Capitula large, solitary on long peduncles at ends of branches
  • Pappus present, of ± fimbriately winged setae, usually uncinate
 Hypericophyllum
Backtrack
014 		a
  • Capitula unisexual
 002
b
  • Capitula bisexual
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts of male capitula connate
  • Female capitula 1-flowered
  • Cypsela clasped by female involucre which bears 4-6 spines
 *Ambrosia
b
  • Involucral bracts of male capitula free
  • Female capitula 2-flowered
  • Cypsela clasped by female involucre bearing hooked spines
 *Xanthium
Backtrack a
  • Florets of disc sterile
 002
b
  • Florets of disc fertile (or only innermost sterile)
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas tightly clasped by one of the inner involucral bracts which developed hooked spines
  • Pappus 0
 *Acanthospermum
b
  • Cypselas clasped by an involucral scale and 2 lateral, concave, involucral paleae
  • Pappus of 2 recurved awns clasping the margin of the cypsela
 *Parthenium
Backtrack a
  • Receptacular paleae ± flat not clasping cypselas
 002
b
  • Receptacular paleae ± conduplicate and clasping or enfolding cypselas
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts quite free, the inner merging gradually into the receptacular paleae
  • Leaves simple
 002
b
  • Involucral bracts of the inner row connate at base, outer row fewer and mostly smaller or narrower
  • Leaves variously divided
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0
  • Lamina of ray florets golden yellow
 *Guizotia
b
  • Pappus present
  • Lamina of ray florets white, cream or yellow
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of densely plumose bristles
 *Tridax
b
  • Pappus of scales, persistent or caducous
 002
Backtrack a
  • appus of 2 scales, soon caducous, cypselas winged
  • Large yellow rays
 *Coreopsis
b
  • Pappus of several scales, cypselas not winged
  • Very small, white rays
 *Galinsoga
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate
 *Chrysanthellum
b
  • Leaves opposite
 002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets yellow, golden, orange or 0
 Bidens
b
  • Ray florets white, pink, lilac or red
 *Cosmos
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts 4, in 2 rows of opposite pairs, leafy
  • Flower heads axillary, sessile or subsessile
 Enydra
b
  • Involucral bracts 3 to many, but not in 2 rows of opposite pairs and leafy
  • Capitula not sessile or subsessile and axillary
 002
Backtrack a
  • Inner involucral bracts embracing fertile ray cypselas
  • Involucral bracts spathulate and densely glandular
 *Sigesbeckia
b
  • Inner involucral bracts not embracing outermost cypselas
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate as a rule
  • Receptacular paleae cymbiform, clasping cypselas and produced above into a ± tubular neck
  • Ray florets 0 or neuter
 Sclerocarpus
b
  • Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas surmounted by a distinct, often lacerate cupule
  • Additional pappus bristles present or 0
 002
b
  • Cypselas without pappus or with pappus of various kinds, but not a cupule
 002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets sterile (although style and stigmas rarely present)
  • All cypselas ± alike, bilaterally convex or obscurely 4-angled
 Aspilia
b
  • Ray florets fertile (with style and stigmas and producing mature cypselas
  • Outer cypselas ± triquetrous
 002
Backtrack a
  • Laminas conspicuous, yellow
  • Leaves lobulate
  • Petioles short
  • Capitula long-pedunculate
  • Cypselas tuberculate with caducous aristae
 *Sphagneticola
b
  • Laminas small, white
  • Leaves simple
  • Petioles slender
  • Capitula subsessile or shortly pedunculate
  • Cypselas minutely transversely rugulose with persistent barbellate awns
 Blainvillea
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets persistent
  • Annual herbs up to 0.6 m tall; unbranched
  • Leaves narrowly oblong-ovate
 *Zinnia
b
  • Ray florets not persistent
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas 4-sided
  • Capitula large and showy with orange-red or yellow ray florets
  • Apex of peduncles becoming very thick
 *Tithonia
b
  • Cypselas ± compressed or, if not noticeably compressed, peduncles not swollen above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacular paleae obovate, truncate-emarginate and caudate-spinescent at apex
  • Perennial shrubs up to 6 m tall with white rays
 *Montanoa
b
  • Receptacular paleae not caudate-spinescent
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets deep purple, at least above
 *Helianthus
b
  • Disc florets not purple
 002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets white
  • Receptacular paleae very narrow and often setiform
 *Eclipta
b
  • Disc florets not white, ± yellowish
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas thick or angular, not compressed, pubescent at apex, not winged or margined
 *Melanthera
b
  • Cypselas ± compressed, winged or with a hyaline cartilaginous margin
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypsela with broad, irregular margin
  • Lamina of ray florets 10 mm long or more
 *Verbesina
b
  • Cypsela with hyaline, cartilaginous margin
  • Ray florets ± 1.3 mm long or 0
 Spilanthes
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0, or of wide scales, often with protruding bristle-like mid-portion, or very short, not of capillary bristles
 002
b
  • Pappus of well-developed capillary bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle epaleate
 002
b
  • Receptacle paleate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle clothed with many bristles
 Geigeria
b
  • Receptacle without bristles
 Calostephane
Backtrack a
  • Stem winged
  • Pappus of very short barbellate bristles
 Ondetia
b
  • Stem not winged
  • Pappus of scales or 0
 Anisopappus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles and scales
 002
b
  • Pappus of bristles only
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles plumose
 Pegolettia
in part
b
  • Pappus bristles barbellate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus scales forming short connate cup
  • Capitula generally disciform
 Pulicaria
b
  • Pappus scales ± free
  • Capitula discoid
 Pegolettia
in part
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
 002
b
  • Capitula radiate or disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves pinnatifid or profoundly lobed
 Antiphiona
b
  • Leaves neither pinnatifid nor lobed
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small, few-flowered
 *Pentanema
b
  • Capitula larger, many-flowered
 Inula glomerata
Backtrack a
  • Marginal florets female, filiform
 002
b
  • Marginal florets female, radiate or miniradiate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, margin entire
  • Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, distinctly imbricate
  • Stems sometimes narrowly winged
 Pechuel-Loeschea
b
  • Leaves elliptic to ovate, petiolate, margins serrate
  • Involucral bracts many, linear-filiform
  • Stems never winged
 Blumea
Backtrack a
  • Endothecial tissue radial
 Inula paniculata
b
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
 *Dittrichia
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of small scales up to 2 mm long
 *Cichorium
b
  • Pappus of hairs or bristles at least 4 mm long
 002
Backtrack a
  • Hairs of pappus feathery or at least inner ones so
 002
b
  • Hairs of pappus not feathery, at most somewhat barbellate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacular paleae present
 *Hypochaeris
b
  • Receptacular paleae 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Plants glabrous at maturity, sometimes floccose when young
 *Tragopogon
b
  • Plants rough hairy
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus in 1 row
  • Fruit with a stout hollow beak
 *Urospermum
b
  • Pappus in 2 rows
  • Fruit beak slender, not hollow
 *Picris
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas 2-3.5 mm long, obconic, truncate above, pappus of comparatively few coarse scabrid bristles
 Tolpis
b
  • Cypselas and pappus not as above
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas tuberculate in upper part with a long slender beak
  • Scapes one-headed, hollow
 *Taraxacum
b
  • Cypselas and scapes not as combined above, or plants not scapigerous
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus dimorphic
 002
b
  • Pappus of setae only, monomorphic, rarely with an outer ring of very short setae
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of setae and fine down-like hairs intermixed
 Sonchus
b
  • Pappus in outer florets a small corona, in inner florets of few coarse, basally flattened and scale-like, scabrid bristles
 *Hedypnois
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas truncate, without ascending hairs or ascending rough projections on the ribs or margins
 Launaea
b
  • Cypselas beaked or at least somewhat attenuate above with ascending hairs or rough projections on the ribs or at least on the margins
 002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas ± compressed and equal-ribbed, with ascending evident or submicroscopic hairs on the ribs or at least the margins
  • Involucres mostly cylindrical
 *Lactuca
b
  • Cypselas ± terete and equal-ribbed, rough with ascending projections on the ribs
  • Involucres usually obconic
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula many-flowered
  • Involucre hairy
 *Crepis
b
  • Capitula with 8-15 flowers
  • Involucre glabrous
 *Youngia
Backtrack
007 		a
  • Branched perennials, shrublets, or shrubs
 002
b
  • Acaulescent, perennial herbs
  • Heads usually radiate on upright, unbranched peduncles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves thick, leathery, becoming shiny above, very woolly beneath
 Oldenburgia
b
  • Leaves herbaceous, often tomentose
 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucre scales mostly pungent, often recurving
 Dicoma
b
  • Involucre scales obtuse not recurved
 Pleiotaxis
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles long and stout, tawny
  • Lamina of marginal florets very short
 Perdicium
b
  • Pappus bristles slender, short or, if long, then pinkish brown or if stout, then whitish
  • Lamina of ray florets usually evident
 Gerbera
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles 0
 002
b
  • Pappus bristles present
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula in secondary heads
 Sphaeranthus
b
  • Capitula not in secondary heads
 Litogyne
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas with conspicuous red resin ducts
 Doellia
b
  • Cypselas without resin ducts
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles with patent teeth
 Pluchea
b
  • Pappus bristles with adpressed teeth
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style with rather pointed sweeping hairs, reaching the furcation
 Nicolasia nitens
b
  • Style with obtuse sweeping hairs, reaching well below the furcation
 002
Backtrack a
  • Anthers with long, distinct tails
 Pseudoconyza
b
  • Anthers ecaudate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Stem not winged
 Nicolasia costata
b
  • Stem winged
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles few
 Nicolasia
b
  • Pappus bristles many
 Laggera
Backtrack a
  • Aquatic herbs
 002
b
  • Plants not aquatic
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
  • Style undivided
  • Pappus of coarse, rigid, scabrid bristles
 Cadiscus
b
  • Capitula discoid
  • Style divided
  • Pappus of fine bristles
 Emilia
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0 in all florets
 002
b
  • Pappus present, at least in ray florets
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
 Steirodiscus
b
  • Perennial herbs, shrubs or shrublets
 Euryops
Backtrack a
  • Involucre calyculate
 002
b
  • Involucre ecalyculate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Anther bases with sterile tailed auricles (caudate)
 002
b
  • Anther bases ecaudate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Petiole auriculate, capitula discoid
 Delairea
b
  • Petioles basally thickened and climbing, exauriculate
  • Capitula disciform
 Mikaniopsis
Backtrack a
  • Ovary wall crystals simple, plate-like or needle-like or 0
 002
b
  • Ovary wall crystals compound, drusiform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Outer (ray) cypselas dorsiventrally compressed
 Cineraria
b
  • Outer (ray) cypselas not compressed, or radiate florets 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branch apices not appendaged, truncate or rounded
 Senecio
b
  • Style branch apices with very short to elongated appendage of fused papillae
 Crassocephalum
Backtrack a
  • Subsucculent
  • Style branches truncate, sometimes with central tuft of fused papillae
 Solanecio
b
  • Succulent
  • Style branches with conical to somewhat elongated appendages
 Kleinia
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate with epidermis of ray lamina papillose
  • Anther bases caudate
 Phaneroglossa
b
  • Capitula discoid, disciform or if radiate, epidermis of ray lamina different
  • Anther bases ecaudate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
 002
b
  • Capitula radiate or disciform
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches with continuous stigmatic areas
 Lamprocephalus
b
  • Style branches with separate stigmatic areas
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches linear-obtuse with long, filiform, papillose appendages
 Lopholaena
b
  • Style branches linear, truncate to obtuse with smaller appendages or appendages 0
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches with small appendages
 002
b
  • Style branches without appendages
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual or perennial herbs
  • Involucral bracts free
  • Florets orange, red, pink, purple, violet or white
 Emilia
b
  • Perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs
  • Involucral bracts basally connate
  • Florets yellow or whitish
 Othonna
Backtrack a
  • Florets orange, red, pink, purple, violet or white
 Emilia
b
  • Florets yellow
 Euryops
Backtrack a
  • Capitula disciform
 002
b
  • Capitula radiate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
  • Disc florets bisexual
  • Cypselas compressed
  • Pappus 0 in marginal florets
 Stilpnogyne
b
  • Perennial herbs, shrublets or shrubs
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Cypselas ellipsoid to oblong
  • Pappus present
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style of central florets undivided
 Othonna
b
  • Style of central florets divided, with oblong-linear, obtuse or truncate branches
 Hertia
Backtrack a
  • Endothecial tissue of anthers polarised
 Alciope
b
  • Endothecial tissue radial
 002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
 002
b
  • Perennial herbs, shrublets or shrubs
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate, scattered along stem
 Oligothrix
b
  • Leaves rosulate
 002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small, corymbosely arranged on long scapes
 Gymnodiscus
b
  • Capitula large, solitary on long scapes
 Euryops
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets bisexual, rarely functionally male
  • Style bifid, sometimes undivided
 Euryops
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
 002
Backtrack a
  • Style undivided
 Othonna
b
  • Style divided
 Hertia
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of scabrid bristles
 Brachylaena
b
  • Pappus 0
 Tarchonanthus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0, cypsela crowned with apical rim
 *Ethulia
b
  • Pappus of bristles or scales
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of a few, caducous bristles
 002
b
  • Pappus in 2 rows, outer row of short scales or rarely bristles, inner row of many long, serrated bristles
 002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate, minutely pellucid-dotted
  • Pappus bristles shortly hairy
 Erlangea
b
  • Leaves opposite or whorled, not pellucid-dotted
  • Pappus bristles hispid
 Bothriocline
Backtrack a
  • Flowers yellow or orange and/or leaves trinervate
 Distephanus
b
  • Flowers creamy-white, shades of purple or blue
  • Leaves pinnately veined
 002
Backtrack a
  • Pollen without colpi
  • Endothecial tissue with cells thickened on both horizontal and radial walls
  • Filament collars narrowly cylindrical, elongate, straight
  • Style bases conspicuously ring-like
 *Cyanthillium
b
  • Pollen with colpi
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
  • Filament collars and style bases different
 002
Backtrack a
  • Inner involucral bracts with membranous and frequently coloured, spreading appendages
  • Style bases surrounded by long keeled nectaries
 Baccharoides
b
  • Inner involucral bracts without appendages
  • Style bases different
 Vernonia

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