PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / ASTERALES / ASTERACEAE / CICHORIOIDEAE / VERNONIEAE / GYMNANTHEMUM / AMYGDALINUM
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m tall; stem striate, sparsely to densely felted and gland-dotted, eglandular trichomes T-shaped and medifixed. Leaves alternate, subsessile to petiolate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, (20-)90-170 x 35-60 mm, apex acute to sub-acuminate, base cuneate, margins sub-entire to serrulate-crispulate, upper surface puberulous to glabrescent, greyish green, under surface pubescent or crisped-tomentose and paler, eglandular trichomes short-spurred with cap-cell attached subbasally; petiole 0.5-10.0 mm long. Capitula in terminal corymbs, 5-flowered, flowers sweetly scented. Involucre globose-campanulate, 3-5 mm diam. when pressed; bracts in ±5 series, imbricate, sparsely hairy to glabrous and gland-dotted near apices, sometimes sharply keeled, especially distally, margins ciliate, green with darker median streak near tip, outer bracts ovate-elliptic, 0.5-1.0 mm long, median bracts oblong-elliptic, 2.0-5.0 x 1.5 mm, obtuse, inner bracts narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, 2.0-5.0 x 1.5 mm, obtuse to acute, caducous. Florets white, creamy-white, pale pinkish or pale mauve, corolla, 6-9 mm long, gland-dotted, tube narrowly funnel-shaped, lobes linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm long. Anthers sagittate with triangular apical appendages. Style up to 5 mm long, pilose distally and on branches, branches 2.5-3.0 mm long. Cypselas narrowly turbinate to subcylindric, ±10-ribbed, 2.0-3.5 mm long, setulose on ribs and gland-dotted, especially between ribs; pappus biseriate, outer scales linear, barbellate, 1-3 mm long, caducous, inner bristles barbellate, 4-6 mm long, cream-coloured to pale tawny. From: Swelankomo, N; Manning, JC; Magee, AR. 2016. The genus Gymnanthemum Cass. (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 102: 81-101. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015] [Copyright held by the South African Association of Botanists (2016); http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02546299] [CC BY]
Small tree or shrub, up to 3 m high. Leaves somewhat elliptic, tapering ± equally to apex and base, margins flat. Involucre wider than long. Pappus long-exserted from involucre, outer pappus of caducous scale-like setae, inner bristles scabrid, subequal. Heads with 10 or more flowers. Achenes setulose, glandular. Flowers white or pale mauve. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY] As: Vernonia amygdalina Delile
Diagnosed by narrowly ovate to lanceolate leaves with sub-entire to serrulate-crispulate margins and a foliar indumentum of short-spurred trichomes with the cap-cell attached subbasally, and the consistently 5-flowered capitula. Gymnanthemum amydalinum is superficially very similar to G. triflorum but the latter has broader, ovate leaves with coarsely serrate margins and a foliar indumentum of medifixed hairs, and 3-flowered capitula. From: Swelankomo, N; Manning, JC; Magee, AR. 2016. The genus Gymnanthemum Cass. (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 102: 81-101. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015] [Copyright held by the South African Association of Botanists (2016); http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02546299] [CC BY]
Edge of swamps and along rivers. From: Swelankomo, N; Manning, JC; Magee, AR. 2016. The genus Gymnanthemum Cass. (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 102: 81-101. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015] [Copyright held by the South African Association of Botanists (2016); http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02546299] [CC BY]
Scrub. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY] As: Vernonia amygdalina Delile
Widespread throughout tropical Africa extending into Botswana, where it has been recorded from Okavango to Kgwebe Hills, and South Africa, from Soutpansberg in Limpopo southwards to the Ingwavuma River in KwaZulu-Natal. From: Swelankomo, N; Manning, JC; Magee, AR. 2016. The genus Gymnanthemum Cass. (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa. S. African J. Bot. 102: 81-101. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.07.015] [Copyright held by the South African Association of Botanists (2016); http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02546299] [CC BY]
May to November
130 to 1065 m
This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations
Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature
FSA
SA
BOT
NAM
ESW
LES
WC
EC
NC
FS
GA
KZN
LP
MP
NW
Absent
Indigenous
Endemic
Naturalised
Invasive
Names and Sources
Published in: Repert. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) 2: 948 (1843)
Type: Sudan, Méroé, Cailliaud s.n. (MPU, holo.)
Vernonia amygdalina Delile
Published in: Cent. Pl. Afr.: 41 (1826)
Decaneurum amygdalinum (Delile) DC.
Published in: Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 5: 68 (1836)
Keringa amygdalina (Delile) Raf.
Published in: Sylva Tellur.: 144 (1838)
Gymnanthemum abyssinicum Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Published in: Repert. Bot. Syst. (Walpers) 2: 948 (1843)
Vernonia condensata Baker
Published in: J. Bot. 13: 202 (1875)
Vernonia randii S.Moore
Published in: J. Bot. 37: 369 (1899)
Type: Zimbabwe, ‘Salisbury [Harare]’, Jul 1898, Rand 495 (BM [BM000629316], lecto. Syntype: Zimbabwe, ‘Salisbury [Harare]’, Rand 1372 (?BM, syn.) Lectotype designated by Swelankomo et al., South African Journal of Botany 102: 90 (2016), citing that "Although Rand 1372 was cited by Pope (1992) as being at BM we have been unable to locate it there and accordingly select Rand 495 as lectotype".
Vernonanthura condensata (Baker) H.Rob.
Published in: Phytologia 73(2): 69 (1992)
Vernonia vogeliana Benth.
Published in: Niger Fl. [W. J. Hooker]: 427 (1849)
Vernonia eritreana Klatt
Published in: Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 826 (1896)
Vernonia weisseana Muschl.
Published in: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46(1-2): 91 (1911)
Vernonia giorgii De Wild.
Published in: Bull. Jard. Bot. État Bruxelles 5: 92 (1915)
Vernonia bahiensis Toledo
Published in: Arq. Bot. Estado Sao Paulo n.s. 1: 52 (1939)
| Common name | Language | Reference/barcode | Published as |
|---|---|---|---|
| bitterleaf | English | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| bittertea | English | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| bittertea vernonia | English | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| bittertee | Afrikaans | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| chew-sticks | English | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| linyatselo | Swati | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| river bittertea | English | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| rivierbittertee | Afrikaans | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
| tree vernonia | English | Van Wyk, AE; Van den Berg, E; Coates Palgrave, M; Jordaan, M. 2011. Dictionary of names for southern African trees. Briza, Arcadia. |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile |
Classification
KINGDOM Plantae
SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae
PHYLUM Anthophyta
ORDER Asterales
FAMILY Asteraceae
SUBFAMILY Cichorioideae
TRIBE Vernonieae
GENUS Gymnanthemum
SPECIES amygdalinum
55 results for Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Year
Province
Barcode: PRE0877644-0 Collector(s) & number: Klopper, HL, 58 | 1986-6-15
South Africa, Limpopo, Soutpansberg: Blouberg Natuurreservaat.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0877642-0 Collector(s) & number: Erens, J, 305 | 1937-6-27
Botswana, Maun Camp, banks of the Thamalakan River.
General notes: In Herb. Pole Evans No. 4014.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0849307-0 Collector(s) & number: Huntley, BJ, 3523 | 1974-10-2
Angola, Luanda District. Quiçama. Escarpment base below Cauá.
General notes: Gallery Forest. Forest margin.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149612-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 27940 | 1958-8-13
Eswatini, HLATIKULU DIST.; GRAND VALLEY
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149595-0 Collector(s) & number: Curson, HH, 24 | --
Botswana, NGAMILAND
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0023683-0 Collector(s) & number: Bond, P, 45 | 1939-7-23
South Africa, Eastern Cape, Mazoe Dam.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0707154-0 Collector(s) & number: Ellery, WN, 395 | 1985-5-13
Botswana, OKAVANGO; GOBEGA LAGOON; ISLAND S OF GOBEGA LAGOON
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149604-0 Collector(s) & number: Obermeyer, AA, 116 | 1932-11-
South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; ZOUTPAN FARM ON LOWER SLOPES OF ZOUTPANSBERG ALONG STREAMLET IN KLOOF
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NH0014298-0 Collector(s) & number: Rogers, FA, 7423 | 1911-8-27
Zambia, Southern Province, Livingstone, North bank of Zambezi.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149589-0 Collector(s) & number: Miller, OB, B/442 | 1946-6-
Botswana, THAMALAKAN RIVER; NGAMILAND; BETWEEN GOMOTI RIVER AND SHOROBE VILLAGE
General notes: Vernacular name: Monqo (Kuba)
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149588-0 Collector(s) & number: Erens, J, 277 | 1937-6-21
Botswana, GOMARE; TOAKHE RIVER; SWAMPS
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0674756-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, NP, 29 | 1984-7-27
Botswana, NGAMILAND DIST.; MOREMI WILDLIFE RESERVE; GADIKWE ISLAND.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149608-0 Collector(s) & number: Onderstall, JJH, 50 LN 28 | 1972-9-
South Africa, Mpumalanga, NELSPRUIT; LOWER SLOPES OF HILL
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149609-0 Collector(s) & number: Nel, JP, 307 | 1973-5-18
South Africa, Limpopo, WYLLIES POORT; ENTRANCE TO TUNNEL , MESSINA SIDE
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0681302-0 Collector(s) & number: Krynauw, S, 751 | 1985-8-22
South Africa, Limpopo, OFCOLACO.; HARMONY 140 KT.; NGWABITSI RIVER. GENTLE SLOPE.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149614-0 Collector(s) & number: Pierce, IH, 58 | 1920-8-14
Eswatini, HLATIKULU DIST.; KUBUTA ESTATE; MHLWAZIMAMBA; ALONG SPRUITS.
General notes: Roots as emetics.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149590-0 Collector(s) & number: Pole-Evans, IB, 4129 | 1937-6-29
Botswana, GOMOTE SWAMPS; 26 MI. NE. OF MAUN
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0100201-0 Collector(s) & number: Smith, PA, 226 | 1972-7-30
Botswana, North West, Mboma Island, Moremi Reserve.
General notes: Adjacent vegetation: Acacia fleckii, Hyphaene spenguellensis.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149601-0 Collector(s) & number: Smuts, JC, 926 | 1923-12-27
South Africa, Limpopo, BLAAUWBERG
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0674755-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, NP, 22 | 1984-7-24
Botswana, NGAMILAND DIST.; ISLAND SAFARI LODGE.; C 14 KM NE OF MAUN ON THAMALAKANE RIVER. NEAR EDGE OF RIVER.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149603-0 Collector(s) & number: Thorncroft, G, 2131 | 1925-8-
South Africa, Mpumalanga, BARBERTON DIST.; NORTH KAAP; BATTERY SITE
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0569817-0 Collector(s) & number: Burrows, JE, 6996 | 2000-8-29
South Africa, Mpumalanga, Montrose Falls, ± 25 km from Nelspruit on N4 (Jo'burg road).
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149610-0 Collector(s) & number: Oates, LG, 323 | 1970-8-12
South Africa, Limpopo, HANS MERENSKY NATURE RESERVE
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0508966-0 Collector(s) & number: Koekemoer, M, 1721 | 2000-3-28
Malawi, Nyika National Park: Middle slopes of path between viewpoint and Chisanga Falls
General notes: Abundant everywhere in the park. Nyika Expedition SABONET.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149596-0 Collector(s) & number: Cresswell, C, 35 | 1967-7-
Botswana, CHOBE GAME RES.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149592-0 Collector(s) & number: Tinley, KL, 1071 | --
Botswana, NGAMILAND DIST.; MOREMI WILDLIFE RES.; KWAAI DISTRIBUTARY OF THE OKAVANGO SWAMP
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0053047-0 Collector(s) & number: Martin, BE, 1062 | 1957-8-18
Namibia, Wankie. Rain Forest, Victoria Falls.
General notes: White flowers.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149597-0 Collector(s) & number: Smith, PA, 138 | 1971-9-25
Botswana, NORTHERN DIST.; THAMALAKANE RIVER
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0756871-0 Collector(s) & number: van Wyk, E, 711 | 2003-10-2
South Africa, Limpopo, Elim, Beja road.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NH0027138-0 Collector(s) & number: Obermeyer, 116 | 1932-11-
South Africa, Gauteng, Zoutpan Lower. NW-facing slopes of Zoutpansberge.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149613-0 Collector(s) & number: Stephen, JJF, 1333 | 1972-10-
South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, INGWAVUMA RIVER; NR. OLD BRIDGE
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE1018890-0 Collector(s) & number: Gostel, MR, 891 | 2011-11-23
South Africa, Mpumalanga, Near downtown Nelspruit.
General notes: Positional accuracy: 9
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0761115-0 Collector(s) & number: Meyer, JJ, BP01421 | 2005-11-17
South Africa, Mpumalanga, Hazyview, Farm Witwater.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0005929-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 27940 | 1958-8-13
Eswatini, Hlatikulu. Grand Valley.
General notes: Alt. c. 1500 ft. Near stream. Tall shrub. Pale pink.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0613695-0 Collector(s) & number: Netshiungani, EN, 1308 | 1980-9-25
South Africa, Limpopo, VENDA; DOLI DIST.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0100977-0 Collector(s) & number: Nel, JP, 307 | 1973-5-18
South Africa, Limpopo, Waterpoort. Wyllies Poort, entrance to tunnel; Messina side.
General notes: Mixed bushveld. Tree. Two seen along road.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149607-0 Collector(s) & number: Westphal, G, 30 | 1930-10-
South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; P.O. MAKONDO; GEORGENHOLZ
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0655157-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, JF, 265 | 1983-8-20
Botswana, OKAVANGO; MOREMI RES.; EDGE OF SWAMP
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0722254-0 Collector(s) & number: Chadwick, SE, 151 | 1985-7-21
Botswana, MOREMI RESERVE; XAXANAXA; EDGE OF SWAMP
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149593-0 Collector(s) & number: Johannsmeier, MF, PRE 41434 | 1965-7-
Botswana, MAUN
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149605-0 Collector(s) & number: Lang, H, TRV 32094 | 1932-10-7
South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; KRUGER NAT. PARK; PUNDA MARIA
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0484166-0 Collector(s) & number: Biggs, RC, M637 | 1974-8-14
Botswana, BORO FLOODPLAIN
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0707140-0 Collector(s) & number: Klopper, HL, 118 | 1986-11-19
South Africa, Limpopo, SOUTPANSBERG; BLOUBERG NAT. RES.; M2
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149611-0 Collector(s) & number: Botha, DJ, 859 | 1974-7-30
South Africa, Limpopo, WYLIESPOORT
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149598-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 4771 | 1954-9-28
Botswana, OKAVANGO SWAMPS; SERONGA; KARO ISLAND,10 MI. S. OF SERONGA
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0149602-0 Collector(s) & number: Foye, J, 701 | 1918-8-
South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; MESSINA
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations
2016
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
Vernonieae (Asteraceae) of southern Africa: a generic disposition of the species and a study of their pollen Robinson, HE; Skvarla, JJ; Funk, VAPhytokeys 60: 49-126
2016
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
The genus Gymnanthemum Cass. (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) in southern Africa Swelankomo, N; Manning, JC; Magee, ARSouth African Journal of Botany 102: 81-101
2000
FLORA CHAPTER
Compositae: Mutiseae - Vernonieae Jeffrey, C; Beentje, HJIn: HJ Beentje & SAL Smith (eds). Flora of Tropical East Africa Compositae(1)3-285
A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
1999
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
Revisions in paleotropical Vernonieae (Asteraceae) Robinson, HEProceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(1)220-247
1997
BOOK
Énumération des Plantes à Fleurs d'Afrique Tropicale, Vol. 4 Lebrun, J-P; Stork, ALJardin Botanique, Geneva
1997
SERIES
Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters Retief, E; Herman, PPJStrelitzia 6: 1-681
National Botanical Institute, Pretoria
1992
FLORA
97. Compositae (part 1) Pope, GVFlora Zambesiaca 6(1)1-264
Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee, London
1977
1937
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
An enumeration of plants collected in the northern Transvaal Obermeyer, AA; Schweickerdt, HGWJ; Verdoorn, ICBothalia 3: 223-258
No results found for Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Status and criteria
NE
Assessor(s)
Plantae Coordinator
THESIS
Ellender, B.R. 2008. The impact of angling on smallmouth and largemouth yellowfish, Labeobarbus aeneus and Labeobarbus kimberleyensis, in Lake Gariep, South Africa. M.Sc. Dissertation. Rhodes University
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Jubb, R.A 1972. The fishes of the Orange River. The Civil Engineer in South Africa. 14:89-93
THESIS
Kotze, P.J. 2002. The ecological integrity of the Klip River and the development of a sensitivity weighted fish index of biotic integrity (SIBI). Ph. D. Thesis. Rand Afrikaans University
REPORT
Mulder, P.F.S. 1971. ‘n Ekologiese studie van die hengelvisfauna van die Vaalriviersisteem, met spesiale verwysing na Barbus kimberleyensis. Provinsiale Vissery Instituut
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