Hibiscus cannabinus L.
NE Indigenous

Morphological description

Annual herb, up to 2 m high. Stems aculeate. Leaves suborbicular in outline, 3-7-palmatisect or palmately lobed. Calyx lobes acuminate or long-acuminate; gland on calyx lobe conspicuous. Flowers pale yellow, whitish or greyish with purple centre. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Habitat

Weed of arable and waste land. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Distribution

Probably native to Africa. From: Retief, E; Herman, PPJ. 1997. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6: 1-681. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Flowering time

November to May

Altitude

15 to 1250 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

https://seis-sanbi.azureedge.net/anura/default/asset.do?preview=267000

Names and Sources

Accepted name
Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Published in: Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1149 (1759)

Synonym(s)

Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. genuinus Hochr., nom.illegit.


Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. purpureus A.Howard & G.Howard


Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. ruber A.Howard & G.Howard


Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. simplex A.Howard & G.Howard


Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. viridis A.Howard & G.Howard


Hibiscus cannabinus L. var. vulgaris A.Howard & G.Howard


Hibiscus sabdariffa L. subsp. cannabinus (L.) Panigrahi & Murti


Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. d L.


Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

SUBFAMILY Malvoideae

SPECIES cannabinus

89 results for Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0284901-0 Collector(s) & number: Volk, OH, 2938 | 1940-3-

Namibia, OMARURU

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284902-0 Collector(s) & number: De Winter, B, 2877 | 1955-3-21

Namibia, GROOTFONTEIN DIST.; 23.5 MI. E. OF OTAVI ON ROAD TO GROOTFONTEIN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284898-0 Collector(s) & number: Giess, JWH, 6453 | 1963-4-25

Namibia, GROOTFONTEIN DIST.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284899-0 Collector(s) & number: Dinter, MK, 15 | 1906-3-19

Namibia, OKAHANDJA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284897-0 Collector(s) & number: Dinter, MK, 7549 | 1934-4-22

Namibia, TSUMEB

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284846-0 Collector(s) & number: Stephen, JJF, 1321 | 1972-10-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, KOSI BAY DIST.; 27 KM. FROM KOSI BAY ON BORDER ROAD TO MOSI BORDER POST.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284896-0 Collector(s) & number: Merxmuller, H, 2078 | 1958-3-11

Namibia, 38 MI. W. OF ANDARA IN OMURAMAS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284900-0 Collector(s) & number: Bradfield, RD, 198 | 1928-3-20

Namibia, OKAHANDJA DIST.; QUICKBORN OTJ 205 FA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284904-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Son, G, TRV 28937 | 1930-5-8

Botswana, NGAMI; NR. KOPPIES IN NGAMI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285005-0 Collector(s) & number: Robertson, RG, 129 | 1952-5-9

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; TYGERPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285026-0 Collector(s) & number: Mogg, AOD, 4520 | 1919-5-1

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ZULULAND; MTUNZINI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284983-0 Collector(s) & number: Leendertz, R, TRV 6679 | 1909-1-

South Africa, Limpopo, WARMBATHS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284998-0 Collector(s) & number: Galpin, EE, 921 | 1890-4-19

South Africa, Mpumalanga, BARBERTON; HILLSIDES

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284984-0 Collector(s) & number: Sutton, JD, 829 | 1934-4-13

South Africa, North West, RUSTENBURG DIST.; ZWARTRUGGENS; RIDGE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284982-0 Collector(s) & number: Galpin, EE, 11569 | 1931-12-6

South Africa, Limpopo, WATERBERG DIST.; ROODEPOORT FARM 15 ON PALALA RD.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284988-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Schijff, HP, 4585 | 1954-3-31

South Africa, Mpumalanga, MARIEPSKOP; NR. SALIQUE TURNOFF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284987-0 Collector(s) & number: Koch, P, PRE 47664 | 1948-4-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, DRAKENSBERG; EXPERIMENTAL STATION

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285025-0 Collector(s) & number: Wells, MJ, 2124 | 1960-11-24

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.; JUST OUTSIDE RES. GATE ON HLUHLUWE ROAD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285029-0 Collector(s) & number: Liebenberg, LCC, 8099 | 1968-4-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UVONGO BEACH; IN W. DEEL VAN DORP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285000-0 Collector(s) & number: MacPherson, W, PRE 3606 | 1907-7-1

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Barberton

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284981-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, PRE 28231 | 1947-3-18

South Africa, Limpopo, WARMBATHS DIST.; ON RD. TO WARMBATHS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285006-0 Collector(s) & number: Robertson, RG, 130 | 1952-5-9

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; TYGERPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284992-0 Collector(s) & number: Brynard, AM, 4276 | 1959-2-10

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; NKUWANE PAN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284995-0 Collector(s) & number: Lang, H, TRV 31089 | 1932-11-26

South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; PUNDA MILIA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284993-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 5926 | 1950-2-21

South Africa, Limpopo, KRUGER NAT. PARK; ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; 20 MI. SE. OF PUNDA MARIA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285003-0 Collector(s) & number: Rogers, FA, TRV 3029 | 1906-9-29

South Africa, Mpumalanga, MALELANE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285021-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 9783 | 1970-5-13

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, FUTULULU

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285022-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 6540 | 1966-4-3

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PORT SHEPSTONE DIST.; SOUTH POORT; ALONG THE ROAD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284994-0 Collector(s) & number: Smuts, JC, 4076 | 1938-12-26

South Africa, Limpopo, ZOUTPANSBERG DIST.; LIMPOPO; 40 MI. W. OF MESSINA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285023-0 Collector(s) & number: Jenkins, TJ, TRV 7106 | 1909-2-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DURBAN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285024-0 Collector(s) & number: Wood, JM, 4848 | 1893-4-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DURBAN; NR. DURBAN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284991-0 Collector(s) & number: Barnard, WG, 331 | 1935-4-21

South Africa, Limpopo, LYDENBURG DIST.; SEKUKUNI; IRONSTONE FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284999-0 Collector(s) & number: Holt, WE, 185 | 1932-2-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, BARBERTON DISTRICT: PLASTON.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285002-0 Collector(s) & number: Galpin, EE, 921 | 1890-4-19

South Africa, Mpumalanga, BARBERTON; HILLSIDES

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284997-0 Collector(s) & number: van der Plank, J, PRE 47666 | 1942-3-26

South Africa, North West, BUFFELSPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284985-0 Collector(s) & number: Pole-Evans, IB, PRE 18059 | 1918-5-8

South Africa, North West, RUSTENBURG; BUFFELSPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285001-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 7792 | 1953-4-21

South Africa, Mpumalanga, BARBERTON DIST.; 11.5 MI. S. OF KOMATIEPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285004-0 Collector(s) & number: Curator Pretoria Bot. Garden, PRE 47670(cult) | 1948-5-

South Africa, Gauteng, PRINSHOF; EXP. STA. NO. P 2566

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285028-0 Collector(s) & number: Vahrmeijer, J(H), 829 | 1965-5-5

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UBOMBO DIST.; SORDWANA BAY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284996-0 Collector(s) & number: Meeuse, ADJ, 10321 | 1958-3-11

South Africa, Mpumalanga, GROBLERSDAL DIST.; MOSSIESDAL; ABOUT 17.5 MI. FROM LOSKOP DAM REST CAMPON RD. TO STOFBERG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285020-0 Collector(s) & number: Reynolds, GW, PRE 47665 | 1958-3-26

Eswatini, MANZINI DIST.; MANZINI; 6 MI. E. OF BREMERSDORP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284989-0 Collector(s) & number: Scheepers, JC, 323 | 1958-4-29

South Africa, Limpopo, LETABA DIST; DUIWELSKLOOF; ABOVE COMPARTMENT Z8B WESTFALIA AT SARAHSDRIFT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0285030-0 Collector(s) & number: Hitchins, PM, 780 | 1972-3-19

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLUHLUWE GAME RES.; EGODENI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0284986-0 Collector(s) & number: Frost, PJ, GH 13788 | 1916--

South Africa, North West, Zeerust.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0353187-0 Collector(s) & number: Morris, JW, 937 | 1966-4-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, SHONGWENI DAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0532993-0 Collector(s) & number: Barrett, SCH, 485 | 1970-1-14

Eswatini, TSHANENI; LOW VELD CANAL BANK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0483259-0 Collector(s) & number: Bredenkamp, GJ, 1569 | 1976-3-18

South Africa, Mpumalanga, PILGRIMS REST DIST.; MANYELETI GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0486441-0 Collector(s) & number: Culverwell, J, 377 | 1976-11-27

Eswatini, SOUTHERN NKUMBANE VA; MLAWULA FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0494336-0 Collector(s) & number: Culverwell, J, 753 | 1977-4-11

Eswatini, LUBOMBO MTS.; MBULUZI GORGE; BLUE JAY RANCH 3 MI. S. OF W. ENTRANCE TO GORGE ABOVE KLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0498500-0 Collector(s) & number: Kemp, ES, 825 | 1977-3-31

Eswatini, LUBOMBO DIST.; SITEKI; 7 KM. W. OF SITEKI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0558382-0 Collector(s) & number: Zambatis, N, 1018 | 1980-5-5

South Africa, Limpopo, ANTWERPEN FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0561887-0 Collector(s) & number: Roodt, V, 172 | 1995-4-28

Botswana, Okavango Delta: Moremi - Xugana; 10 km West of Xugana on island.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0584889-0 Collector(s) & number: Bennett, A, 3 | 2001-2-13

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Makhathini Flats. Farm of Mr. Buthelezi.

General notes: Geranium - like shrub. Woody. Grow next to cotton field.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0627265-0 Collector(s) & number: Milton, S, 228 | 1982-4-22

South Africa, Limpopo, NABOOMSPRUIT DIST.; NYLSVLEY NAT. RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0632141-0 Collector(s) & number: Burrows, JE, 6954 | 2000-4-9

Malawi, Nyika National Park, Thazima Gate.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0639386-0 Collector(s) & number: Zambatis, N, 1163 | 1981-4-10

South Africa, Limpopo, KLASERIE NAT. RES.; FARM ROSS 55 KU

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0652136-0 Collector(s) & number: Pretorius, R, 13 | 1983-4-12

South Africa, Mpumalanga, NELSPRUIT; LAEVELD BOT. TUIN; ACACIAPARK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0655805-0 Collector(s) & number: Hardy, DS, 6299 | 1984-4-10

South Africa, Limpopo, VENDA; SOUTPANSBERG; KLEIN CHIPEZE SPA. MUDDY STREAM BANK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0668579-0 Collector(s) & number: Smith, PA, 4250 | 1983-4-12

Botswana, N.DIST.; SIBUYU RIVER. SEBWEO

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0669404-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 3053 | 1984-3-25

Botswana, SAVUTI.; CHOBE NAT. PARK.; SAVUTI MARSH.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0746009-0 Collector(s) & number: Zambatis, N, 1879 | 1990-4-18

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NATIONAL PARK; SKUKUZA; 1.1KM EAST OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS ALONG SKU-KUZA-PRETORIUSKOP TAR ROAD IN FURROW

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0507990-0 Collector(s) & number: Dimock-Brown, 428 | 1897--

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Port Shepstone.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0509166-0 Collector(s) & number: Killian, L, 35 | 1981-5-16

South Africa, Limpopo, 20km North East of Giyani on road to Thangilani.

General notes: Very erect. Light yellow with red eye.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0511806-0 Collector(s) & number: Smith, PA, 1666 | 1976-3-24

Botswana, NORTHERN DIST.; MAUN; THAMALAKANE RIVER

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0511953-0 Collector(s) & number: Giess, JWH, 418 | 1977-4-20

Namibia, RUNDU; OKAVANGO RIVER

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0787237-0 Collector(s) & number: Germishuizen, G, 6078A | 1993-3-4

Eswatini, Hhohho District. 20 km from Piggs Peak, at New Bridge over Nkomati River.

General notes: North bank. South slope. Bushland. Granite. Tall, erect herb. Leaves digitately compound. Flowers large, solitary, white with purple centre.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0800323-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 4111 | 1953-3-27

South Africa, Limpopo, LYDENBURG; CHUNIESPOORT; 3 MILES FROM CHUNIESPOORT POLICE STATION ON ROAD TO PIETERSBURG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0809428-0 Collector(s) & number: Giess, JWH, 6453 | 1963-4-25

Namibia, Grootfontein: Bergen Farm GR 668.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0855537-0 Collector(s) & number: Grieve, KW, 65 | 2008-3-31

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Waterval Onder. Farm: Kindergoed.

General notes: Conservancy. Quartzite with lava extrusions. Semi-shade. Grass and rocks. About 20 specimens growing together in shade of kiaat.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0859452-0 Collector(s) & number: Meyer, JJ, BP00933 (3942) | 2001-10-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Mtunzini. Between town and railway line close to railway station.

General notes: Coastal Forest. No slope. Leaf margins toothed. Flowers bright yellow with deep red centre.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NBG0270844-0 Collector(s) & number: Gere, J, JG059 | 2011-3-27

South Africa, North West, North West. Magaliesburg. 25.9114°S 27.24197°E.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0892824-0 Collector(s) & number: Kurzweg, S, K911 | 2009-4-6

South Africa, North West, Rustenburg. Impala Bafokeng Mine. Norite koppie.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0895841-0 Collector(s) & number: Phephu, N, 262 | 2008-6-3

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Mbuzini. Border of Mozambique and Swaziland.

General notes: Leaves red/green. Bracts with reddish spots. Hairy fruits.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0139184-0 Collector(s) & number: Sithole, J, 178 | 2013-4-5

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Pinetown Molweni, Growing on roadside between Umngeni River and Inanda Road.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0892064-0 Collector(s) & number: Meyer, JJ, BP00968 | 2001-10-21

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Pongola town. At canal.

General notes: Lowveld. Slope: gentle. Plant height: 1-1.5 m. Short sharp prickles on stems, leaves and epicalyx. Flowers pale yellow. Conf. C.L. Bredenkamp.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0154711-0 Collector(s) & number: Nemando, R., 196 | 2024-3-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, King Cetshwayo District Area. uMlalazi Local Municipality Area. Igobhotane Area, along the Nkandla/Eshowe Road.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE1010031-0 Collector(s) & number: Faria, N.P., PAN0045 | 2017-2-7

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Skukuza Ranger section. Skukuza EBP, Skukuza rep., Control.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0152735-0 Collector(s) & number: Wiseman, P, 238 | 2014-3-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Teza Nature Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE1018563-0 Collector(s) & number: Moshobane, M, 42 | 2022-6-6

South Africa, Limpopo, Polokwane. Solomondale, R81.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Observation records

Date: 4/7/2018 10:47:00 AM

KwaZulu-Natal

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 2/17/2012 12:00:00 AM

Mpumalanga

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 5/31/2013 12:00:00 AM

Limpopo, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/7/2013 12:00:00 AM

KwaZulu-Natal

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/9/2013 12:00:00 AM

Limpopo, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 5/13/2014 12:00:00 AM

KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 5/24/2014 12:00:00 AM

KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/4/2017 8:50:00 PM

Mpumalanga

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 6/26/2013 12:00:00 AM

KwaZulu-Natal

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 3/28/2021 7:50:17 AM

KwaZulu-Natal

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

1999

PERIODICAL/JOURNAL

Revision of Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae) in Africa and Asia Wilson, FD

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Botany Series 29(1)47-79

1997

SERIES

Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters Retief, E; Herman, PPJ

Strelitzia 6: 1-681

National Botanical Institute, Pretoria

1991

BOOK

Énumération des Plantes à Fleurs d'Afrique Tropicale, Vol. 1 Lebrun, J-P; Stork, AL

Jardin Botanique, Geneva

1961

FLORA

28. Malvaceae (part 2) Exell, AW

Flora Zambesiaca 1(2)420-475

Crown Agents for Oversea Governments & Administrations, London

1961

PERIODICAL/JOURNAL

Hibiscus cannabinus L. Meeuse, ADJ; Letty, CL

Flowering Plants of South Africa 34: , t.1335

1911.

BOOK

Studies in Indian fibre plants : no. 2 on some new varieties of Hibiscus Cannabinus, L. and Hibiscus Sabdariffa, L. Howard, A.

Mary Gunn Library

1911.

No results found for Hibiscus cannabinus L.

Status

Status and criteria

NE

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Part(s) of plant used Use(s) Reference
Stems (peeled) Superstitious purposes Dalziel, JM; Hutchinson, J. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. [All rights reserved]
Stem peelings Anaemia Dalziel, JM; Hutchinson, J. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. [All rights reserved]
Stem peelings Superstitious purposes Dalziel, JM; Hutchinson, J. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. [All rights reserved]
Stem peelings Fatigue Dalziel, JM; Hutchinson, J. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Guineaworm sores Local application. Dalziel, JM; Hutchinson, J. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. [All rights reserved]
Stem peelings Lassitude Dalziel, JM; Hutchinson, J. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. [All rights reserved]
Seeds Dysentery Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Seeds Eye disease Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Seeds Dysentery Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Seeds Eye disease Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Stomach diseases (Body part: Stomach Used by: Nyamwezi) Kokwaro, JO. 1976. Medicinal plants of east Africa. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Stomach diseases (Body part: Stomach Used by: Nyanja) Kokwaro, JO. 1976. Medicinal plants of east Africa. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi. [All rights reserved]
Roots Spider-bites (Used by: Nyamwezi) Kokwaro, JO. 1976. Medicinal plants of east Africa. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi. [All rights reserved]
Roots Spider-bites (Used by: Nyanja) Kokwaro, JO. 1976. Medicinal plants of east Africa. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi. [All rights reserved]

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