Nomoneura caffra Hesse, 1969
endemic

Morphological description

Hesse (1969) described this species as follows: Body similarly coloured, with the same parts on thorax above reddish brownish or yellowish brownish, but in a varietal form humeral tubercles and postalar calli are very dark piceous reddish or almost black, and sides of thorax black; antennal clubs with more than apical halves to a variable extent orange-yellowish, not with only the middle parts so as in paradoxa; clypeus more consistently darker, more dark piceous reddish or brownish; metanotum also reddish or reddish brownish on sides or sides basally to a variable extent, though not extensively yellowish brownish on sides as in some males of paradoxa; hind margin of tergite 1 more consistently darker or black; those of only tergites 2-5 or 6 yellowish whitish and then sometimes with those of 5 and 6 darker, more reddish brownish than whitish or yellowish, with that of 7 consistently black, not yellowish whitish; bullae black; only sides of sternites 2-3 or 4 whitish; legs similarly coloured and to the same variable extent, the femora sometimes darkened to the same extent and sometimes even extensively darkened, only the apical parts of front and middle ones and less than basal halves of hind ones being more yellowish like the tibiae and tarsi. Integument with the same parts shining but abdomen above with distinctly much denser, setiferous puncturation which becomes denser posteriorly and transversely subscabrous on last two segments, also with the extreme sides of tergites 2-7 more densely punctured; venter also with much denser, subscabrous, setiferous puncturation, especially in hinder half. Vestiture on the whole very much shorter, that on head, though longer thanon thorax and rest of body, distinctly much shorter and sparser than in paradoxa; hairs on thorax above much shorter, sparser, and individual hairs more setalike; those on tergite 1, especially sides, and on outer sides of hind coxae much shorter than in paradoxa; those on abdomen above and below distinctly very much denser; hairs on hypopygium about as long and as dense as in latter species; hairs on legs, except for some longish ones on hind femora below, all short, without any longish ones on femora and tibiae as in paradoxa; all the hairs on head, thorax, abdomen, hypopygium, coxae and femora very dark, blackish brownish to black, those on head sometimes appearing more dark fulvous brownish; fine ones on tibiae and tarsi mainly reddish golden or fulvous reddish; spines and spicules on legs deeper reddish. Head with the antennae much longer than thorax, though relatively slightly shorter than in paradoxa; segment 1 also rather shortish, only slightly thickened, about 2.3-2.8, or even a little more than 3, times length of the rather shortish segment 2; segment 3 distinctly stouter than in former species, only a little longer than, sometimes subequal in length to, club, its apical fourth or a little less scarcely or only slightly thickened, but as in paradoxa marked off by a slightly raised ring; club distinctly more slender, its constricted basal part appearing stouter, less delimited; clypeus distinctly smaller, shorter, less convex or tumid; proboscis very similar, also short, stumpy, only about 1.00-1.28 mm, but appearing longer than in latter, due to shorter buccal cavity and smaller clypeus, its labella similar, also tending to be pointed apically; postvertical elements also bristle-like. Wings relatively slightly broader, otherwise similar, also deeply tinted yellowish brownish, but apparently more often with darker fuscous borders along veins which are sometimes very dark and extensive, rendering the wings very dark brown to blackish brown; veins tending to be darker brownish; knobs of halteres very dark above. Legs similar, but hind femora tending to be relatively more thickened, more subclavate, with a double row of relatively shorter and stouter spines below; spicules on tibiae, apical spurs of latter, and spicules on tarsi distinctly shorter, less slender; basal segment of hind tarsi also relatively elongate. Hypopygium very similar, but lobes of tergite 9 tending to be more sharply pointed apically and processes of sternite 9 relatively narrower. Length of body: about 12.25-13.50 mm; Length of wing: about 9-11 mm.

Diagnostic description

Superficially this species is almost indistinguishable from N. paradoxa (differences between the two species included in the morphological description).

Global distribution

South Africa.

SA distribution

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Resolution in Albany District (Walton, 19th January 1929) (holotype and 3 paratypes); Algoa Bay (Dr. Brauns, 25 Jan. 1908) (1 paratype) (Hesse 1969).

Movement

The information below was extracted from Cannings and Scudder (2005): Dipterans are primarily aerial insects and the mesothorax, which bears the only pair of wings, dominates the thorax - the prothorax and metathorax are greatly reduced. The legs are normally rather simple and are used primarily for perching; in some groups, they are modified for prey capture or for signalling during courtship. The tarsi are nearly always 5-segmented. The functional wings are membranous and their pattern of veins is critical in fly classification and identification. During the evolution of flies, there has been a trend towards a reduction in veins, especially in the rear half of the wing – changes that evidently relate to improvements in two-winged flight. The hindwings, present in most other insects, are reduced in Diptera to small, club-like organs, called halteres, used for stabilising flight.

Trophic level

Herbivore - Nectarivore (nectar-eating)

Trophic strategy

The flies in this family are not known to hunt, catch or prey upon other insects as asilids do, but mainly feed on nectar (Hesse 1969).

Reproduction

Like the others, flies in the Mydidae family begin life as an egg, which hatches into a grub-like larva. Most of the fly life is spent in the larval stage, mainly eating and growing, as well as molting several times. Some flies may spend at least a year as a larva. The next stage is a pupa, during which the insect transforms into its final stage, emerging from the pupa as a winged adult, able to mate and reproduce. In many species, males stake out positions at favourable egg-laying sites and wait for females to arrive (Hesse 1969).

Behaviour

The specimens of this genus are mainly collected from August to February, (with one record in March) (Kirk-Spriggs and Sinclair 2017).

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: Data partners records: DNA:

Residence status

Occurrence in African countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, or alien in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature.

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

Names and Sources

No known common names.

Classification

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Arthropoda

CLASS Insecta

ORDER Diptera

FAMILY Mydidae

SPECIES caffra

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Year

Province

Animal occurrence records per dataset

Animal occurrence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: Data partners records: DNA:

1924

JOURNAL ARTICLE

The South African Mydaidae (Diptera) as represented in the South African Museum.

Bezzi, M. 1924. The South African Mydaidae (Diptera) as represented in the South African Museum. Vol. 19 pp.191-234.

1969

JOURNAL ARTICLE

The Mydaidae (Diptera) of Southern Africa

Hesse, A.J.. 1969. The Mydaidae (Diptera) of Southern Africa Vol. 54 pp.1–388.

2005

WEB SERVICE

The True Flies (Diptera) of British Columbia

Cannings, R.A., Scudder, G.G.E.. 2005. The True Flies (Diptera) of British Columbia. University of British Columbia.

2017

BOOK

Manual of Afrotropical Diptera

Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley, Sinclair, Bradley. 2017. Manual of Afrotropical Diptera Vol. 2. Pretoria, South Africa. South African National Biodiversity Institute.

2021

WEBSITE

Asiloid Flies: deciphering their diversity and evolutionary history

Dikow, Torsten. 2021. Asiloid Flies: deciphering their diversity and evolutionary history. National Museum of Natural History: Smithsonian.