PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / LAMIALES / LAMIACEAE / NEPENTOIDEAE / MENTHEAE / SALVIA / AURITA / AURITA

Salvia aurita L.f. var. aurita
LC Indigenous Endemic
Morphological description

Leaves simple, ovate-triangular to broadly ovate, base truncate to auriculate, or with a tendency towards indistinct basal lobing. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Habitat

On grassy slopes, stream banks and wooded places. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Distribution

Distributed from southern and south-eastern Cape through Transkei and Natal to the Soutpansberg in Transvaal. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Altitude

5 to 1405 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

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Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

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Names and Sources

Accepted name
Salvia aurita L.f. var. aurita
Synonym(s)

Salvia lasiostachys Benth.


Salvia pallidiflora Skan


Salvia peglerae Skan


Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

PHYLUM Anthophyta

ORDER Lamiales

FAMILY Lamiaceae

SUBFAMILY Nepentoideae

TRIBE Mentheae

GENUS Salvia

SPECIES aurita

VARIETY aurita

29 results for Salvia aurita L.f. var. aurita

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Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0115707-0 Collector(s) & number: Meeuse, ADJ, 9895 | 1957-3-1

South Africa, Limpopo, PIETERSBURG DIST.; WOLKBERG; LOWER SLOPES OF WOLKBERG ROAD TO GEORGE VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0699927-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 11040 | 1972-11-5

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Gibraltar.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0137500-0 Collector(s) & number: Styles, DGA, 3081 | 2006-4-30

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Cliffs above the Umtata River, just outside Umtata, Transkei region of the Eastern Cape.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0766757-0 Collector(s) & number: Steenkamp, LP, 278 | 2006-2-28

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Mpofu Game Reserve. Public road to Post Retief Conservancy 2 km from gate.

General notes: Forest understorey. Humus and clay. Moderate slope. Hairy dentate green leaves. Flowers clustering round 4 angled stems at end. Flowers small, lipped, slightly mauve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0861318-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 6610 | 2011-11-16

South Africa, Western Cape, Erf 282 Hoekwil, Wilderness Height, Wilderness.

General notes: FO21 Afrotemperate Forest. Exposure: partial shade to full sun. Slope: none. Erect perennial herb with pale mauve flowers. Locally common in fallow lands, forming clumps. Height: 45-60cm.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0722585-0 Collector(s) & number: Scott-Elliot, GF, 397 | --

South Africa, Eastern Cape, BOSCHBERG; COMMON

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115708-0 Collector(s) & number: Scheepers, JC, 1109 | 1961-2-2

South Africa, Limpopo, LETABA DIST; DUIWELSKLOOF; ABOVE WELTEVREDEN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115731-0 Collector(s) & number: Hilliard, OM, 6505 | 1971-2-16

South Africa, Eastern Cape, TRANSKEI; TABANKULU

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0590239-0 Collector(s) & number: Pegler, AM, 196 | 1910-10-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KENTANI DIST.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0891219-0 Collector(s) & number: Nkuna, LA, 2829 | 2012-2-9

South Africa, Limpopo, Songozwi area on road to Tshiendeulu.

General notes: Habitat: Afromontane-forest margins. Modifying factors: trampled. Land form: mountain. Land use: communal land. Moderate drainage. Slope: 15°. Reddish brown soil. Erect herb.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115709-0 Collector(s) & number: Breijer, HG, TRV 23412 | 1922-1-

South Africa, Limpopo, LOUIS TRICHARDT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0765551-0 Collector(s) & number: von Staden, D, 18 | 2006-2-28

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Mpofu Game Reserve. High plateau near gate to Retief Post.

General notes: Grassland adjoining forest. Moist/damp to well-drained. Steep slope. Pinkish-purple flowers. Square stems.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115716-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 3292 | 1948-1-15

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KEISKAMMAHOEK; CATA FOR. RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115715-0 Collector(s) & number: Flanagan, HG, 1288 | 1892-4-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KOMGA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115711-0 Collector(s) & number: Pegler, AM, 196 | 1905-10-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KENTANI DIST.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE1004428-0 Collector(s) & number: Baytopp, K, 015 | --

South Africa, Limpopo, Barrowdale Fram 385 KR Modimolle.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115710-0 Collector(s) & number: Galpin, EE, 7830 | 1909-4-10

South Africa, Eastern Cape, EAST LONDON DIST.; FORT PATO

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0805316-0 Collector(s) & number: Baard, JA, 37 | 1993--

South Africa, Western Cape, George-Knysna.

General notes: Plantasie (Denne). Plantegroeitipe: Inheemse bos. Pienk blomme, Mei-Junie.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115718-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 10649 | 1953-12-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALBANY DIV.; GRAHAMSTOWN; BREAKFASTVLEI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115717-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 13689 | 1947-4-28

South Africa, Eastern Cape, HUMANSDORP DIV.; COMBRINK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0581785-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Wyk, B-E, 1280 | 1986-1-10

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Zuurberg National Park.

General notes: Flowers purplish-pink. Occasional.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0724271-0 Collector(s) & number: Thode, J, A2740 | 1930-10-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ENON

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0035936-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 11409 | 1945-4-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Griffin's Hill.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0537120-0 Collector(s) & number: Giffen, MH, 1489 | 1943-4-29

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALICE; UNIV. OF FORT HARE; SANDILES KOP LOVERSWALK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0124077-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 444 | 1993-3-18

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Maclear, Farm Mount Hope, ca.35km North West of Ugie on main escarpment of Drakensberg.

General notes: Grassland, well drained sandy soil. Full sun, Western aspect, steep slope, grass grazed short - overgrazed; soil trampled. Herb 0.4m high, on edge of river. Flowers light purple. Aromatic. Occasional.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115720-0 Collector(s) & number: Pegler, AM, 913 | 1902-4-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KENTANI DIST.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115714-0 Collector(s) & number: Fourcade, HG, 211 | 1908-5-

South Africa, Western Cape, TSITSIKAMA; KEURBOOMS RIVER; STINKHOUTKLOOF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0234628-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 8567 | 1954-3-25

South Africa, Eastern Cape, UMZIMKULU DIST.; 10 MI. S. OF UMZIMKULU

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0110559-0 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 4706 | 1989-12-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Nquabeni, Bhekamampondo Store.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 1. Ajuga Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)7-8

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)79-102

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

No results found for Salvia aurita L.f. var. aurita

Status

Global

Status and criteria

LC

Assessment date

2016-01-14

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Distribution

Range

It is a widespread species, occurring in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), and then in open and dry savannah zones throughout sub-Saharan Africa in three large blocks, corresponding roughly to West Africa, East Africa and southern Africa (Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). It also occurs in coastal regions of Arabia, Yemen and Oman (Harrison &amp; Bates 1991); records from Palestine are erroneous (Schlawe 1981; Kock 1983). The range of elevation from where it was been recorded varies from the sea level to almost 2,700 m asl. in the Atlas Mountains in Morocco (Delibes and Gaubert 2013). It was introduced in Europe, possibly via Phoenicians’ commercial routes (Gaubert 2016), and now occurs in the South Western Europe fringe (Portugal, Spain, France and northwest Italy) (Gaubert et al. 2008; Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). It is also present on some of the Balearic Islands (Delibes 1999; Gaubert 2016).<br/><br/>In South Africa, the Small-spotted Genet is common in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces, parts of KwaZulu-Natal, and in the Free State Province (Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001). Although it occurs in Lesotho, it is absent from Swaziland.

Habitat and ecology

Major system

Terrestrial

Major habitats

Small-spotted Genets are found in a large variety of habitats, but availability of prey and shelters for resting constitute key factors in habitat selection (Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001; Carvalho et al. 2014). In Africa, the few studies that have been conducted so far showed that Small-spotted Genets tend to inhabit all types of wooded habitats (deciduous and evergreen) and bush areas, where they are often associated with rivers and brooks (Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013; Gaubert et al. 2015). They avoid open habitats, but may occur in even small fragments of woodland in farmland or near villages, and usually are absent from rainforests, dense woodlands and woodland–moist savannah mosaics (e.g. miombo woodland in Angola) (Pereira &amp; Rodríguez 2010; Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). Small-spotted Genets are also sometimes found in proximity to people and human buildings (e.g. Admasu et al. 2004) and are a common sight in rural and urban gardens. They can live in areas without trees, but then in most cases these areas correspond to rocky outcrops where they rest in rock crevices (Livet &amp; Roeder 1987; Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001). They rest mainly in hollow trees and in burrows dug by other animals (e.g. Aardvark <em>Orycteropus afer</em>, hares, etc.) (Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). In Europe, several authors found that they select and are especially abundant in oak (<em>Quercus</em> spp.) forests, but they are also often present in olive (<em>Olea europaea</em>) groves, riparian copses, ash (<em>Fraxinus</em> spp.) groves and scrublands, being rare or absent in open areas, marsh and cereal crops (Carvalho et al. 2011, 2014, 2016; Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). The latter habitats may however be crossed during dispersal, whenever riparian or hedgerow corridors are present (Carvalho et al. 2016). In some Spanish regions Genets also prefer pine forests and ravine areas (Camps &amp; Alldredge 2013). In Europe, recent studies on resting ecology pointed out a great prevalence of hollow trees (&gt; 48%) with peaks of more than 70% during the wet season (autumn–winter), followed by nests in tree tops or under shrubs and dens in riverbanks under shrubs or tree roots (Carvalho et al. 2014). Sporadically Genets also use rock crevices and human buildings (Camps 2011; Carvalho et al. 2014).<br/><br/>Small-spotted Genets feed mainly on small mammals, but will also take birds, other small vertebrates, insects and fruits (Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). In South Africa, only one study (Matolengwe 2010), based on scat analysis, reports the diet of this species. In the Great Fish River Nature Reserve (Eastern Cape Province) its diet consisted essentially, in terms of percentage of occurrence, on mammals (rodents and Macroscelidae; 93%), followed by arthropods (79%) and plant materials (exclusively grass; 42%). As supplementary prey items, fruits, birds and reptiles were recorded, but not amphibians or fish (Matolengwe 2010). Regarding the relative volume (RV) of food remains in the scats, results were similar with mammals being the main food category (66%) followed by arthropods (22%) and plant material (8%), respectively. The RV of some prey varied significantly across seasons, with higher volumes of arthropod remains recorded in spring and summer, and of reptile remains in summer (Matolengwe 2010). However, we caution that the above study was conducted in an area where Small-spotted Genet occurs in sympatry with Cape Genet (<em>Genetta tigrina</em>), and therefore results could be based on scat samples from both species. In North Africa, Small-spotted Genets also revealed a preference for mammals and arthropods, followed by birds and plants. They also showed a seasonal dietary variation with arthropods peaking in summer, mammals and birds in winter, and high-energy plants in autumn (Amroun et al. 2014). Several dietary studies have been conducted in Europe and overall, it appears that the Small-spotted Genet’s diet is flexible and highly opportunistic. The diet varies being almost specialised on predation of Wood Mouse (<em>Apodemus sylvaticus</em>) in areas where this prey is abundant, to more generalist where other mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, crabs, arthropods, fruits, grass and eggs are also consumed (Virgós et al. 1999; Rosalino &amp; Santos-Reis 2002). The genet’s diet in Europe also varies seasonally with birds and amphibians eaten more frequently in spring and winter, fruits in summer and autumn, and reptiles and arthropods in summer (Virgós et al. 1999; Rosalino &amp; Santos-Reis 2002).<br/><br/>Some studies in Ethiopia and Kenya reported nocturnal activity during the whole night but with more incidences in the first hours after sunset (Ikeda et al. 1982, 1983; Waser 1980). In South Africa, radio-tracked genets were also crepuscular, starting activity on average around 18h00 (but as early as 16h30) and ceasing around 04h00 (but as late as 07h20). Genets were active between 5 and 13 hours and travelled over 1.7–7.9 km per night, depending on the sex and season (Matolengwe et al. 2011). Home ranges in Africa seem to be smaller than in Europe and range from 0.34–0.75 km<sup>2</sup>, with no intersexual differences (Ikeda et al. 1982, 1983; Waser 1980). In Europe, recent studies confirmed that Small-spotted Genets are nocturnal with peaks just after sunset and before sunrise (Camps &amp; Llimona 2004; Camps 2008). Sometimes juveniles can be active during the day (Palomares &amp; Delibes 1994; Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001). There, home ranges were greater, ranging in average from 0.29–7.8 km<sup>2</sup> (Palomares &amp; Delibes 1994; Camps &amp; Llimona 2004). In Portugal, a recent study yielded an average size of 3.9 km<sup>2</sup> with no differences among sexes (Carvalho et al. 2014; Carvalho 2015). Small-spotted Genets are solitary but may form pairs during the breeding season (Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001; Delibes &amp; Gaubert 2013). They are territorial, with male home ranges including that of several females but no other adult males, and adult female home ranges do not overlap (Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001; Zuberogoitia et al. 2002; Carvalho 2015). Similar to what is observed in other genet species, intraspecific communication is mainly done through olfaction, notably with scats deposited at conspicuous latrines (Palomares 1993; Espírito-Santo et al. 2007). These are usually strategically located in the animals’ home range boundaries, such as large tree branches and high rocks, where they are less likely to be washed away and the scent might be more effectively spread (Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001; Espírito-Santo et al. 2007). Genetta genetta can use several calls, where the most important one permits contact among individuals and plays an important role in the mother–offspring relationships and during the mating period (Livet &amp; Roeder 1987; Larivière &amp; Calzada 2001).<br/><strong><br/>Ecosystem and cultural services:</strong> Given its reliance on small rodents as the main energetic intake, the species is likely to play a role in controlling rodent populations and potential vectors of zoonosis. It may also play a secondary role in seed dispersal. Potential to become a symbol/indicator of urban wildlife and integration of development with natural landscapes.

Threats

Overall, we suspect there are currently no major threats to Small-spotted Genets within the assessment region. Besides the suspected localised bushmeat and traditional medicine use (Delibes & Gaubert 2013), they are also sometimes persecuted by farmers as a response to poultry predation (Larivière & Calzada 2001) and occasionally hunted for trophies (R.J. Power pers. comm. 2016). The extent of road mortality (Photo 1) on G. genetta populations is unknown, although individuals of this species have been recorded in the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s road collision database (W. Collinson unpubl. data).

In Europe, G. genetta used to be trapped for its fur (Livet & Roeder 1987; Delibes 1999). In Portugal and Spain, genets are illegally killed in predator trapping for hunting management, and in Portugal 65% of the roadkilled animals are subadults, which may affect their persistence in a medium-long term (Carvalho 2015). On Ibiza, the Genet is threatened by the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by urbanization and infrastructure and tourism development. The ability of genets to live close to humans and their domestic animals could have implications for disease transmission (Admasu et al. 2004).

Population

Population trend

The Small-spotted Genet is one of the most common small carnivores in its native range, though detailed data on density in Africa are scarce; in Serengeti, Waser (1980) estimated a density of 1.5 ± 0.37 individuals / km². Another study reported densities of 0.18 individual / km<sup>2</sup> in Senegal (Sillero-Zubiri &amp; Marino 1997). In Europe, this species is moderately abundant, with increasing populations in France, and densities of 0.3–0.98 individual / km² were recorded in two studies in Spain (Palomares &amp; Delibes 1994; Camps &amp; Llimona 2004). In Portugal, studies from camera-traps and capture–recapture analysis showed a density varying from 0.19–0.92 individual / km<sup>2</sup> (Sarmento et al. 2010, 2014). The genet is common in suitable habitat throughout the Iberian Peninsula (Palomo &amp; Gisbert 2002), where populations are either stable or slowly increasing (J. Herrero pers. comm. 2007). On Ibiza, habitat is declining and becoming more fragmented, thus this species is suspected to be declining (Calzada 2007).<br/><br/>No detailed information is available on the abundance of this species in the assessment region. However, trapping (E. Do Linh San pers. obs. 2005–2011), camera-trapping (MammalMAP) and road mortality data (W. Collinson unpubl. data; MammalMAP) in different areas of South Africa suggest that it is relatively abundant.

Bibliography

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1975. A collection of Odonata from Angola. Arnoldia. 23:1–16

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1976. Dragonflies (Odonata) of Botswana, with ecological notes. Occasional papers of the national Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia, Series B. 5:524-601

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