PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / LAMIALES / LAMIACEAE / NEPENTOIDEAE / MENTHEAE / SALVIA / SCHLECHTERI

Salvia schlechteri Briq.
DD Indigenous Endemic
Morphological description

Perennial herb up to 0.3 m tall, usually branched from a somewhat woody base; stems subglabrous or with some short stiff hairs and gland-dots. Leaves sessile or subsessile; blade finely pinnatifid or pinnatisect, 40-60 mm long, subglabrous, gland-dotted, with 4-6 pairs of short narrow irregularly dentate lateral segments 1 mm wide and a slightly larger terminal segment. Inflorescence of several to many verticils, spaced below, closer above; verticils 4-6-flowered. Calyx sparingly hispidulous, gland-dotted, c. 9 mm long. Corolla pale blue and white, up to 25 mm long; tube c. 14 mm long, widening to 8 mm wide at the throat; upper lip straight, 7-8 mm long; lower lip somewhat deflexed, 8-9 mm long. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Perennial herb, up to 0.3 m high; usually branched from somewhat woody base; stems subglabrous or with some short stiff hairs and gland dots. Leaves sessile or subsessile, finely pinnatifid or pinnatisect, 40-60 mm long, with 4-6 pairs of short narrow irregularly dentate lateral segments and a slightly larger terminal segment; subglabrous. Inflorescence simple; verticillasters several to many, spaced below, denser above, each 4-6-flowered. Flowers pale blue and white. Calyx ± 9 mm long; sparingly hispidulous, gland-dotted. Corolla: tube up to 14 mm long, widening at throat; upper lip 7-8 mm long; lower lip somewhat deflexed and longer. Flowering time Feb.?. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Habitat

Riverbanks and valleys, alt. ±800 m; Sub-Escarpment Savanna. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Distribution

Known from a restricted area in the Transkei. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Idutywa District, Xobo Valley. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Altitude

0 to 800 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

https://seis-sanbi.azureedge.net/anura/default/asset.do?preview=260779

Names and Sources

Accepted name
Salvia schlechteri Briq.
Synonym(s)

Salvia monticola Benth. var. angustiloba Skan


Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

PHYLUM Anthophyta

ORDER Lamiales

FAMILY Lamiaceae

SUBFAMILY Nepentoideae

TRIBE Mentheae

GENUS Salvia

SPECIES schlechteri

3 results for Salvia schlechteri Briq.

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Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0118176-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Breda, 865A | 1960-2-24

South Africa, Eastern Cape, IDUTYWA DIST.; XOBO VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0682972-0 Collector(s) & number: Schijf, H, 186 | 1979-11-14

South Africa, Gauteng, JOHANNESBURG.; MELVILLE KOPPIES NATURE RESERVE. W E SLOPE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0990113-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Jaarsveld, EJ, 16650 | 2000-12-6

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Transkei. Collywobbles. Top of plateau, in grassland.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

2019

SERIES CHAPTER

Lamiaceae Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N

In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2)1125-1164

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 1. Ajuga Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)7-8

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)79-102

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

No results found for Salvia schlechteri Briq.

Status

Global

Status and criteria

DD

Assessment date

2014-12-01

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Distribution

Range

Circumpolar and widespread in the Southern Ocean, Weddell Seals are the world’s southern-most breeding mammal and occur in large numbers on fast ice, right up to the shoreline of the Antarctic continent. They also occur offshore in the pack ice zone north to the seasonally shifting limits of the Antarctic Convergence. A small population lives all year on South Georgia. Weddell Seals are present at many islands along the Antarctic Peninsula that are seasonally ice-free. Vagrants have been recorded in many areas north of the Antarctic in South America, New Zealand and southern Australia (Kooyman 1981, Rice 1998).

Habitat and ecology

Major system

Marine

Major habitats

Adult male Weddell Seals reach 2.9 m in length, while females reach 3.3 m. Adults in their prime weigh 400–450 kg, with females being somewhat heavier than males, sometimes reaching over 500 kg (Stirling 1971). Adult female weight fluctuates dramatically during the year with significant weight loss occurring after birth and during lactation. Newborns are about 1.5 m long and average 29 kg. Females become mature at three to six years of age and males at seven to eight years. The annual pregnancy rate of mature females is 70–80%. Gestation lasts 11 months, including a delay of implantation of two months. Longevity is approximately 25 years (Stirling 1971, Reijnders <em>et al.</em> 1990).<br/><br/>Weddell Seals breed in areas of predictable stable fast ice or on land, allowing them to form loose aggregations (or breeding colonies) at specific sites (Siniff 1981, Testa <em>et al.</em> 1990). Weddell Seal pups are born from October through November. Adult females nurse their pups for a prolonged period (seven to eight weeks), and although they fast during the first one to two weeks, adult females do forage during lactation (Stirling 1971). Pups are born earlier at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes (Testa <em>et al.</em> 1990). Females enter oestrus approximately one week before weaning their pup, and copulation occurs underwater, where males maintain territories by controlling access to breathing holes and cracks. Adult Weddell Seals display strong site fidelity, with both males and females returning to the same breeding colony. When in the shore-fast ice habitat, Weddell Seals tend to congregate in loose groups along recurrent cracks, leads, and near access holes to the water (Siniff 1981). The behaviour of animals breeding in the pack ice or in the Sub-Antarctic islands is not well known.<br/><br/>Satellite data on movement patterns of Weddell Seals have increased during the last decade, providing a clearer picture of their distribution patterns. Weddell Seals habitat utilization and habitat patterns vary largely at a regional scale, showing large differences in the scale of their movements (tens to hundreds of km) depending on the area they inhabit (K. T. Goetz pers. comm., Heerah <em>et al. </em>2013). Further, there seems to be large individual variability in their patterns of habitat usage, with some individuals staying in close proximity to their breeding colonies (e.g., McMurdo Sound), whereas others venture into the pack ice, likely exploiting polynyas and areas of thinner sea ice. The data available on newly weaned and subadult animals seem to indicate that younger animals move north from the continent and spend the winter in the pack ice.<br/><br/>The diving behaviour of Weddell Seals has been well studied, particularly at McMurdo Sound. They can reach depths of over 600 m, and can undertake dives of at least 82 minutes, feeding primarily feed at depths of 100–350 m, with a diurnal feeding pattern (Testa 1994). Weddell Seals are generalist predators, and their diet likely varies at a regional scale. Their diet primarily consists of notothenoid fish (Icefishes), particularly the Antarctic Silverfish which largely dominates in the diet in certain areas (Burns <em>et al.</em> 1998), but also includes Antarctic Toothfish, Myctophids and Cephalopods. Although Weddell Seals in fast ice areas are relatively protected, animals in the pack ice are vulnerable to predation by Killer Whales and Leopard Seals (Stirling 1969a, Visser <em>et al.</em> 2008).<br/><br/>Weddell Seals that remain in fast ice areas abrade and grind the ice to maintain access to and from the water. They bite at the ice and then rapidly swing the head from side to side to grind away the ice with their teeth (Stirling 1969ab). Such behaviour, though, comes at a cost, as Seals living in areas where extensive grinding of ice is necessary have accelerated wearing down of their teeth and decreased life expectancy (Stirling 1969b).

Threats

At present, there are no immediate or significant threats to the Weddell Seal.

The potential effects of global climate change on Antarctic seals are largely unknown. Sea ice provides habitat used for pupping, resting, avoidance of predators and access to preferred foraging areas. Learmonth et al. (2006) suggest that Weddell Seal numbers may decline with increasing temperatures if Antarctic sea ice is significantly reduced. In contrast, Proffit et al. (2007), reported that the localized cooling and increased sea ice extent in the Ross Sea was associated with decreased reproduction and lower weaning mass of Weddell Seals in McMurdo Sound. Further, the fact that some populations breed on land (e.g., at South Georgia), could demonstrate an ability in the species to colonize different environments, although the extent of such plasticity is uncertain. Thus, the overall effects of global climate change on Weddell Seals are unknown.

Seasonal tourism in the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic has increased steadily in the last 30 plus years, and is currently at all-time high levels. The effects of increased vessel noise, disturbance from vessels passage, and close approach by people in small boats and on land or ice, on Weddell Seal behaviour, distribution and foraging are unknown. There is also a risk of injury to a small number of animals from collision with boats or crushing from large vessel passage through ice fields. Currently there are no reports of significant fisheries interactions. However, the development of new fisheries in Antarctic waters, particularly one targeting the Antarctic Toothfish, could have an impact on Weddell Seal nutrition, and potential operational interactions should be considered in the management plans.

Population

Population trend

The global population of Weddell Seals has been variously estimated at 200,000 to 1,000,000 individuals (Erickson and Hanson 1990, Southwell <em>et al.</em> 2012), although there is large uncertainty in these figures. Weddell Seals are a widespread species and population assessments are very difficult and expensive to conduct, and are therefore infrequently undertaken. Southwell <em>et al.</em> (2012) reported on results from the Antarctic Pack-Ice Seals program which conducted extensive surveys during 1996–2001. They estimated 633,000 Weddell Seals in two of their survey sectors. In the third sector fast ice was not surveyed and Weddell Seal abundance was not estimated.

Bibliography

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Dijkstra, K.-D.B. and Matushkina, N. 2009. Kindred spirits: <i>Brachythemis leucosticta</i>, Africa’s most familiar dragonfly, consists of two species (Odonata: Libellulidae). International Journal of Odonatology. 12:237-256

ELECTRONIC SOURCE
IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3

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