PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / ASPARAGALES / IRIDACEAE / CROCOIDEAE / IXIEAE / IXIA / CAPILLARIS
Plants 200-350(-500) mm high, sheathed at base by chestnut-brown (green) cataphylls. Corm globose, 8-12(-15) mm diam.; tunics of fine to medium-textured, netted fibres. Stem slender, usually with thin collar of fibres around base; usually with 1 to 3 lateral branches, rarely unbranched, then with 1 or more scale-like bracts on stem; branchlets mostly 8-15 mm long, filiform, curving outward, subtended by translucent, irregularly lobed, attenuate bracts and prophylls 2-3 mm long. Leaves 3, lower 2 linear, 1.2-2.0 mm wide, 1/3-2/3 as long as stem, main vein not raised when fresh, margins occasionally slightly raised, uppermost leaf sheathing stem, sometimes to base of spike. Spike drooping above, (1)2- or 3-flowered, lateral branchlets 1- or 2(3)-flowered; bracts translucent with dark veins, 7-10 mm long, outer 3-toothed, inner notched apically. Flowers ± nodding, pale blue to pale mauve, white or creamy yellow, evidently unscented; perianth tube funnel-shaped, (4-)5-7(-8) mm long; tepals subequal, 11-15 x 4-7 mm, spreading. Filaments ± 5 mm long, usually exserted 1-2 mm from tube, rarely reaching only to mouth of tube; anthers (3-)4-5 mm long. Style usually dividing between middle and upper third of anthers, branches 1-2 mm long. From: Goldblatt, P; Manning, JC. 2020. Iridaceae of southern Africa. Strelitzia 42: 1-1159. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
Cormous geophyte, 20-45 cm. Leaves linear, very narrow. Flowers white to blue or mauve, tube funnel-shaped, filaments exserted. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Iridaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 119-176. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
Distinguished by the narrow, linear leaves up to 2 mm wide, corm tunics of fine, netted fibres and a main spike with 1 to 3 flowers. Branchlets when present are very short and 1- or 2-flowered. The pale blue or occasionally creamy yellow flowers have a perianth tube ± 5 mm long, enclosed by the translucent floral bracts, 6-8 mm long, the flowers, excluding the ovary, are ± 20 mm long. The plants typically have a prominent dark brown cataphyll, a feature more prominent in the northern populations of the species and the upper leaf sheathes the stem for ± half its length. The type material is readily matched by plants from the Western Cape mountains, long known by the name, that have filaments exserted 1-2 mm and anthers held in a column 4.0-4.5 mm long and a style dividing opposite the upper third of the anthers into short branches 1-2 mm long. Ixia capillaris is most likely to be confused with I. exiliflora, specimens of which were often included in the past as that species. Whereas I. capillaris has flowers with a perianth tube 4-7, rarely 8 mm long, and tepals about twice as long as the tube, I. exiliflora has a perianth tube 8-10 mm long, and tepals about as long as the tube. The bases of the anthers of I. exiliflora are included in the tube but those of I. capillaris have anthers that are normally exserted 1-2 mm, or rarely barely exserted on included filaments. From: Goldblatt, P; Manning, JC. 2020. Iridaceae of southern Africa. Strelitzia 42: 1-1159. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
Clay slopes, usually in wetter sites, thus often on south-facing slope. From: Goldblatt, P; Manning, JC. 2020. Iridaceae of southern Africa. Strelitzia 42: 1-1159. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
Mainly clay slopes. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Iridaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 119-176. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
Extending in Western Cape, South Africa, from the Piketberg and Cold Bokkeveld in the north to Bot River in the south and through the southern Cape to Riversdale. From: Goldblatt, P; Manning, JC. 2020. Iridaceae of southern Africa. Strelitzia 42: 1-1159. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
Piketberg and Cedarberg to Riversdale. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Iridaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 119-176. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]
July to September
This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations
Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature
FSA
SA
BOT
NAM
ESW
LES
WC
EC
NC
FS
GA
KZN
LP
MP
NW
Absent
Indigenous
Endemic
Naturalised
Invasive
Names and Sources
Published in: Suppl. Pl.: 92 (1782)
Type: South Africa, Westem Cape, without precise locality, collected circa 1773, C.P. Thunherg s.n. (UPS-Herb. Thunb, 935, 936, syn)
Ixia gracilis Salisb., nom.illegit.superfl.
Published in: Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 37 (1796)
Morphixia capillaris (L.f.) Ker Gawl.
Published in: Irid. Gen.: 106 (1827)
Ixia capillaris L.f. var. gracillima Ker Gawl.
Published in: Bot. Mag. 16: t.570 (1802)
Type: South Africa, without precise locality, illustration in Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 16: t. 570 (1802).
Ixia tenella Klatt
Published in: Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 15: 396 (1882)
Type: South Africa, without precise locality or date, Zeyher 557 (B-Herb. Lubeck., believed destroyed; drawing at S)
Classification
KINGDOM Plantae
SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae
PHYLUM Anthophyta
ORDER Asparagales
FAMILY Iridaceae
SUBFAMILY Crocoideae
TRIBE Ixieae
GENUS Ixia
SPECIES capillaris
70 results for Ixia capillaris L.f.
Year
Barcode: PRE0059190-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, WF, 9459 | 1961-8-19
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester Dist.; Stettynskloof.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0513864-0 Collector(s) & number: Boucher, C, 3074 | 1976-8-28
South Africa, Western Cape, SKURWEBERG; HON-DEN BECK FARM, S. END OF MTS. 33 KM FROM CERES TO CEDARBERG.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178592-0 Collector(s) & number: Fellingham, AC, 1427 | 1988-9-7
South Africa, Western Cape, Farm De Plaat. Blikhuis River, N-fork of road.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0213425-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 12685A | 2006-8-24
South Africa, Western Cape, Caledon. Slopes below Eseljag Pass. Villiersdorp, Botrivier / Caledon Road.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0950580-0 Collector(s) & number: Oliver, EGH, 6050 | 1975-10-9
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester: Hansiesberg, E. slopes.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0196057-0 Collector(s) & number: Low, AB, 9376 | 2003-11-5
South Africa, Western Cape, Witzenberg. Farm Wakkerstroom. Visgat Valley. Lat: 33°17'15"S; Long:19°14'44"E.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG1573640-0 Collector(s) & number: Le Roux, A, 1141 | 2014-9-
South Africa, Western Cape, Range of hills southeast of the Greater Brandvlei Dam ( South of Worcester).
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178476-0 Collector(s) & number: De Vos, M, 2703 | 1988-8-10
South Africa, Western Cape, Wolseley. Romansrivier.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178484-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 11092 | 1999-8-18
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. Stony flats near Worcester on road to Ceres.
General notes: Flowers pale blue-mauve.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0212067-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 12718 | 2006-8-27
South Africa, Western Cape, Montagu. Op-de-Tradouw Pass, south trending clay slope in renosterveld. 33°55'23"S: 020°31'13"E. Co-ordinates: 33°55.38' S: 20°31.22' E. Altitude: 2273 ft.
General notes: Flowers mauve, stamens exeted, anthers yellow, unscented.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0272199-0 Collector(s) & number: Raimondo, D, CR4033 | 2009-8-10
South Africa, Western Cape, Anysberg Nature Reserve. 3 km N of Anysberg on foothills of Matjiesgoed berge on farm Tapfontein. 33°26'34.8" S; 20°40'30.4" E.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178478-0 Collector(s) & number: Mauve, AA, 4682 | 1968-9-11
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. 19 miles from Ceres to Citrusdal, over Gydow Pass.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059185-0 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 555 | 1946-9-6
South Africa, Western Cape, STELLENBOSCH DIST.; SIMONSBERG.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059195-0 Collector(s) & number: Lewis, GJ, 2662 | 1952-9-20
South Africa, Western Cape, CERES DIST.; ELANDSFONTEIN; 6 MI. N. FROM TOP OF GYDO PASS.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178610-0 Collector(s) & number: De Vos, 2633 | 1985-10-19
South Africa, Western Cape, Wolseley. Romans River.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059184-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 20535 | 1959-7-27
South Africa, Western Cape, MONTAGU DIST.; OUDEBERG; NE. OF MONTAGU.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059194-0 Collector(s) & number: Middlemost, AJM, 1724 | 1952-9-20
South Africa, Western Cape, WORCESTER DIST.; GYDO PASS; 9.6 KM N. OF TOP OF GYDO PASS.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178482-0 Collector(s) & number: Jooste, JF, 161 | 1971--
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. McGregor. Vrolikheid.
General notes: Moist eastern slope. Bulbous plant ± 12" tall. Flowers purple.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: SAM0054105-0 Collector(s) & number: Bolus, HML, 20836 | 1932-8-19
South Africa, Western Cape, Near Berg River Bridge, Piquetberg Division.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178479-0 Collector(s) & number: Boucher, C, 3074 | 1976-8-28
South Africa, Western Cape, Wuppertal. Farm Houd-den-Bek at southern end of Skurweberge, 33km from Ceres to Cedarberg.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178480-0 Collector(s) & number: De Vos, MP, 2686 | 1987-9-7
South Africa, Western Cape, East of Montagu, on road to Barrydyale.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178475-0 Collector(s) & number: Oliver, EGH, 9260 | 1989-11-5
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres Dist. Hansiesberg, SE slopes.
General notes: Smooth rocky valley with alpine restiads. Frequent scattered plants. Flowers white to palest mauve in outer tepals darker.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059186-0 Collector(s) & number: Bolus, HML, 20836 | 1932-8-19
South Africa, Western Cape, PIQUETBERG DIST.; BEFORE BERG RIVER BRIDGE.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0191087-0 Collector(s) & number: Helme, NA, 2116 | 2001-8-31
South Africa, Western Cape, Moorreesburg. About 8km N of Moorreesburg, south slopes of Swartberg, above Swartberg Farm.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0123011-0 Collector(s) & number: Snijman, DA, 539 | 1981-9-24
South Africa, Western Cape, Montagu. Summit of Gwaapkop near Matjiesfontein.
General notes: Very localised. Growing amongst small stones. Flowers blue.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0987586-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 12718 | 2006-8-27
South Africa, Western Cape, Montagu. Op-de-Tradouw Pass, south trending clay slope in renosterveld.
General notes: Stamens exerted, anthers yellow, unscented. Coordinates: 33°55.38 S, 20°31.22 E
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178477-0 Collector(s) & number: Oliver, EGH, 6050 | 1975-10-9
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. Hansiesberg, E slopes.
General notes: Rocky slopes with short fynbos. Occasional plants locally in rocky places. Flowers white with yellow centre.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0830910-0 Collector(s) & number: Reid, C, 1444 | 1991-9-23
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres dist.; Op-die-Berg. Waste area opposite supermarket.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059183-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Breda, PAB, 675 | 1959-8-8
South Africa, Western Cape, WORCESTER DIST.; BRANDWAGT; NEAR FOOT OF MT.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0060965-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, WF, 3050 | 1944-9-28
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres. Groenfontein.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0112685-0 Collector(s) & number: Marsh, JA, 763 | 1968-9-11
South Africa, Western Cape, 19 MI. N. OF CERES ON ROAD TO CITRUSDAL.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0357686-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 2416 | 1974-8-24
South Africa, Western Cape, WORCESTER DIST; BREEDE RIVER; BETWEEN THE RIVER AND WORCESTER.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0131751-0 Collector(s) & number: Walters, IB, 4 | 1962-10-20
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres.
General notes: Flowers white/mauve.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0060967-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 20535 | 1959-7-27
South Africa, Western Cape, Montagu. Oudeberg, NE of Montagu.
General notes: Mountain renosterveld. Locally frequent on S aspect. Flowers mauve.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0094900-0 Collector(s) & number: Axelson, H, 473 | 1971-8-29
South Africa, Western Cape, Cape Town. Darling. Waylands.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059191-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 22393 | 1962-7-20
South Africa, Western Cape, SWELLENDAM DIST.; HESQUASPOORT.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059187-0 Collector(s) & number: Muir, J, 3248 | 1924-8-13
South Africa, Western Cape, RIVERSDALE; NEAR N. SIDE OF RIVERSDALE.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178604-0 Collector(s) & number: Cloete, ISA, 103 | 1987-9-28
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres Valley. Wolvenhuis 371. Schoonvlei Industrial Area 4km outside Ceres. 33° 20' 20" S; 19° 19' 0" E.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0276786-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholson, G, 326 | 2011-8-25
South Africa, Western Cape, Paardeberg, between Wellington & Malmesbury. Fynbos Estate, ±1.9 km S of farm house on 4x4 track. 33.57550' S; 18.78409' E.
General notes: Fynbos biome. Boland Granite Fynbos vegetation. Gentle, mountain slope. Well-drained, loam soil. Granite. Full sun. E aspect. Recently burned. Geophyte. Flowers tubulare, pale blue/white, scented. Leaves 1-2, linear, narrow. Plant height ±60 cm. Sparse.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059188-0 Collector(s) & number: Esterhuysen, EE, 20346 | 1952-9-1
South Africa, Western Cape, CERES DIST.; EZELSFONTEIN.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0197384-0 Collector(s) & number: Helme, NA, 2864 | 2004-1-4
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. Hex River Mountains, upper Moraine Kloof Amphitheatre, south of Milner Peak.
General notes: Fynbos biome. Seepage. Permanently waterlogged. Running water. Sandy soil. Sandstone. Partial shade. SE aspect. Gentle slope. No biotic effect seen. Geophyte shrub. Petals purplish - pink, paler at base of tube. Bracts with brown tips. Anthers yellow, long. Flowers present. Fruit absent. Plant height 0.3 m. Very local in wetland with Juncus, Zantedeschia, at base of waterfall.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178605-0 Collector(s) & number: De Vos, MP, 2717 | 1989-11-12
South Africa, Western Cape, Elandskloof Pass between Citrusdal and Koue Bokkeveld.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: SAM0058730-0 Collector(s) & number: Lewis, GJ, 1607 | 1946-9-
South Africa, Western Cape, Montagu district. Eendracht.
General notes: Fl. September 1946.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0130253-0 Collector(s) & number: Walters, IB, 2588 | 1982-8-12
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. In veld near Keyter Rifle Range, Worcester.
General notes: Occasional in stony sandy soil. Flowers light blue.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE1025603-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P., 13279 | 2009-9-6
South Africa, Western Cape, Clanwilliam. Piketberg, middle slopes of Versveld Pass.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: SAM0062286-0 Collector(s) & number: Lewis, GJ, 2662 | 1952-9-20
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres Division. Cold Bokkeveld. Elandsfontein, 6 miles N from top of Gydo Pass.
General notes: Fl. 20 September 1952.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059189-0 Collector(s) & number: Hafstrom, AHF, 307 | 1938-9-3
South Africa, Western Cape, CLANWILLIAM DIST.; ELANDSKLOOF; MIDDELBERG, UPPER SLOPES.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178481-0 Collector(s) & number: Marsh, JA, 763 | 1968-9-11
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. 19 miles N of Ceres on road to Citrusdal.
General notes: Macchia. Flowers white with pale mauve veining.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0201140-0 Collector(s) & number: De Vos, 2675 | 1986-10-8
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres, wet field near Nature Reserve.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0178606-0 Collector(s) & number: Cloete, ISA, 99 | 1987-9-25
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres Valley. Wolvenhuis 371. Schoonvlei Industrial Area, 4km outside Ceres. 33° 20' 20" S; 19° 19' 0" E.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0191114-0 Collector(s) & number: Helme, NA, 2059 | 2001-7-31
South Africa, Western Cape, Caledon. 10 km SW Riviersonderend, on Langverwacht 197, 0.6 km N Varslug. Lat:34°12'17"S; Long:19°50'12"E.
General notes: Uncommon, only in road reserve.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0676886-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 3712 | 1976-8-2
South Africa, Western Cape, BETWEEN CALEDON AND RIVIERSONDEREND.
General notes: Rolling slopes. Very pale lilac flowers.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059193-0 Collector(s) & number: Hanekom, WJ, 1171 | 1968-8-27
South Africa, Western Cape, CERES DIST.; KOUE BOKKEVELD; SKOONGESIG.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0060966-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, W, 9459 | 1961-8-19
South Africa, Western Cape, Worcester. Stettynskloof.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG1467770-0 Collector(s) & number: Koopman, R, RK 890 | 2009-8-13
South Africa, Western Cape, 7 km N of Tulbagh. Welbedacht Farm, Stewardship Site, seasonal wetlands S of farmhouse.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: PRE0059192-0 Collector(s) & number: Mauve, AA, 4682 | 1968-9-11
South Africa, Western Cape, GYDO PASS; 19 MI. FROM CERES ON ROAD TO CITRUSDAL OVER GYDO PASS.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0211440-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 12986 | 2007-9-11
South Africa, Western Cape, Wuppertal. Cold Bokkeveld, near Farm Liberty. Altitude: 3114 m. 32°58'11"S: 019°25'06"E.
General notes: Sandy restioveld. Pale blue-grey flowers.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0152694-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 9344 | 1992-9-1
South Africa, Western Cape, Clanwilliam. Middle slopes of Versfeld Pass, Piketberg Mts.
General notes: Clay slope. Whitish flowers.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG0060984-0 Collector(s) & number: Barker, WF, 3094 | 1944-9-30
South Africa, Western Cape, Ceres. Elandskloof.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
Barcode: NBG1481680-0 Collector(s) & number: Helme, NA, 8105 | 2014-9-4
South Africa, Western Cape, 30 km E of Ceres; Bo-Swaarmoed; Uitkomst 343; 2 km SW of Spitskop.
Data Resource: BODATSA View record
This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations
2020
SERIES
Iridaceae of southern Africa Goldblatt, P; Manning, JCStrelitzia 42: 1-1159
South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
2012
SERIES CHAPTER
Iridaceae Manning, JC; Goldblatt, PIn: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 119-176
South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
2011
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae): 3. Sections Hyalis and Morphixia Goldblatt, P; Manning, JCBothalia 41(1)83-134
2008
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
Systematics of the southern African genus Ixia (Iridaceae): 2. The filiform-leaved I. capillaris complex Goldblatt, P; Manning, JCBothalia 38(2)115-124
1999
1962
PERIODICAL/JOURNAL
South African iridaceae: the genus Ixia Lewis, GJJournal of South African Botany 28: 45-195
No results found for Ixia capillaris L.f.
Status and criteria
NT
Assessor(s)
Plantae Coordinator
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hofmann RR. 1989. Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia. 78:443-457
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hunter CG 1996. Land uses on the Botswana/Zimbabwe border and their effects on buffalo. South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 26:136-150
ELECTRONIC SOURCE
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2008. <i>Syncerus caffer</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T21251A9260904
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Le Roex N, Noyes H, Brass A, Bradley DG, Kemp SJ, Kay S, Van Helden PD, Hoal EG 2012. Novel SNP discovery in African buffalo, <i>Syncerus caffer</i>, using high-throughput sequencing. PloS One. 7:e48792
THESIS
Mizutani F 1987. Behaviour and patterns of maternal investment in African buffalo <i>Syncerus caffer</i> (Sparrman). University of Zimbabwe
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Novellie P, Hall-Martin AJ, Joubert D 1991. The problem of maintaining large herbivores in small conservation areas: deterioration of the grassveld in the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe. 34:41-50
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Okello MM, Manka SG, D’Amour DE 2008. The relative importance of large mammal species for tourism in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Tourism Management. 29:751-760
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pienaar U de V. 1969. Observations on developmental biology, growth and some aspects of the population ecology of African buffalo (<i>Syncerus caffer caffer</i> Sparrman) in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe. 12:29-53
BOOK
Prins, H.H.T. 1996. Behaviour and Ecology of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision Making. Chapman & Hall
BOOK SECTION
Prins HHT, Sinclair ARE 2013. <i>Syncerus caffer</i>. Edited by Kingdon JS, Hoffmann M. The Mammals of Africa. Volume VI: Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids.. Bloomsbury Publishing
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