PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / LAMIALES / LAMIACEAE / AJUGOIDEAE / TEUCRIUM / AFRICANUM

Teucrium africanum Thunb.
LC Indigenous Endemic
Morphological description

Greyish, bushy shrublet, 0.1-0.3 m high; stems simple or branched near base, greyish, glandular-tomentulose. Leaves sessile, grey-green, 8-30 mm long, 3-lobed to 3-partite; lobes linear to linear-oblong, 5-25 x 1-3 mm, margins entire, revolute; thinly pubescent. Inflorescence a terminal, leafy panicle. Flowers white. Calyx greyish, 3-4 mm long; teeth lanceolate-deltoid. Corolla 5-6 mm long; tube 2 mm long; lower lip obovate, slightly concave, remaining four lobes oblong, 2 mm long. Stamens exserted by 6-7 mm. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Greyish shrublet to 30 cm. Leaves thinly hairy, tripartite. Flowers usually solitary in upper axils, white. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Lamiaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Greyish, bushy shrublet 0.1-0.25(-0.3) m tall, branching freely from the base; stems erect to decumbent, simple or sparingly branched, slender, greyish glandular-tomentulose. Leaves sessile, grey-green, thinly pubescent, 8-30 mm long, 3-lobed to 3-partite; lobes linear to linear-oblong, 5-25 x 1-3 mm, occasionally the median lobe again 3-fid; margin entire, revolute; basal portion of leaf narrow, up to 3 mm broad, consisting of a narrowly winged midrib. Inflorescence leafy, simple, occupying the upper third or half of the stem; flowers solitary or rarely 2 or 3 per peduncle; peduncle 3-8 mm long bearing a pair of minute bracteoles below the middle. Calyx greyish, 3-4 mm long; teeth lanceolate-deltoid, about 2 mm long. Corolla 5-6 mm long; tube 2 mm long; lower lip obovate, 3-4 mm long, slightly concave, remaining 4 lobes oblong, rounded, 2 mm long. Anthers exserted by 6-7 mm. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 2. Teucrium. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 9-12. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Habitat

Fairly arid conditions in fynbos, karoo, coastal or thorn scrub, alt. 15-1465 m; Upper Karoo, Sub-Escarpment Grassland, Lower Karoo, Dry Highveld Grassland, Drakensberg Grassland, Sub-Escarpment Savanna, Eastern Fynbos-Renosterveld, Albany Thicket. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Dry areas, often among rocks. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Lamiaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Found under fairly arid conditions in fynbos, karoo, coastal or thorn scrub. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 2. Teucrium. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 9-12. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Distribution

De Hoop and Little Karoo to Grahamstown and Great Karoo. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Lamiaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

From Bredasdorp to near Grahamstown and, inland, to Graaff-Reinet, often among rocks or on overgrazed or disturbed places. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 2. Teucrium. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 9-12. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Flowering time

November

Altitude

15 to 1465 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

Names and Sources

Accepted name
Teucrium africanum Thunb.
Synonym(s)

Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

PHYLUM Anthophyta

ORDER Lamiales

FAMILY Lamiaceae

SUBFAMILY Ajugoideae

GENUS Teucrium

SPECIES africanum

67 results for Teucrium africanum Thunb.

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Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0625405-0 Collector(s) & number: Moffett, RO, 500 | 1974-11-7

South Africa, Western Cape, UPPER CANGO VALLEY; BASSONSRUS; AT CAMP SITE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0674217-0 Collector(s) & number: Blom, CD, 326 | 1985-8-14

South Africa, Eastern Cape, JANSENVILLE DIST.; JANSENVILLE PROEFPLAAS, 5KM SE VAN JANSENVILLE.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NBG1484112-0 Collector(s) & number: Adams, S, 7261 | 2018-1-5

South Africa, Western Cape, Farm: Portion 5 of Laaiplaats 59, District of Mossel Bay, in the foothills of the Outeniquas.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0539201-0 Collector(s) & number: Olivier, MC, 1729 | 1976-12-9

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; KOEGA; HOUGHAM PARK NABY INGANG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0603499-0 Collector(s) & number: Germishuizen, G, 1504 | 1980-12-10

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAHAMSTOWN; ON TURNOFF FROM CRADOCK ROAD ON ADELAIDE ROAD.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0641445-0 Collector(s) & number: Brink, E, 712 | 1980-12-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAHAMSTOWN; 7,0 KM FROM BOTANICAL RESEARCH UNIT PLENTIFUL ON LEFT OF CRADOCK ROAD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124539-0 Collector(s) & number: Marais, W, 564 | 1954-12-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, HUMANSDORP DIV.; 13 MI. FROM HUMANSDORP ON PORT ELIZABETH RD. VIA JEFFREY'S BAY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124438-0 Collector(s) & number: Burtt Davy, J, H13561 | 1912-4-1

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Graaff-Reinet District; KLIPFONTEIN; DIE NEK; NR. KLIPFONTEIN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124547-0 Collector(s) & number: Marloth, HWR, 13806 | 1931-4-

South Africa, Western Cape, SWELLENDAM DIV.; HEIDELBERG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0990942-0 Collector(s) & number: Visser, N, 147 | 2016-4-16

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ±20 km NE of Cradock. Plankfontein Farm.

General notes: Biogaps project site 3205-2540

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0468800-0 Collector(s) & number: Thompson, MF, 2775 | 1976-3-21

South Africa, Western Cape, CANGO VALLEY; BASSONSRUS FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124537-0 Collector(s) & number: Rogers, FA, 26889 | 1921-11-

South Africa, Western Cape, OUDTSHOORN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0518037-0 Collector(s) & number: Bayliss, RDA, 8325 | 1977-12-17

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALEXANDRIA; 10 MI. FROM ALEXANDRIA ON RD. TO GRAHAMSTOWN

General notes: Karroid conditions.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124550-0 Collector(s) & number: Muller, P, 587 | 1969-3-20

South Africa, Eastern Cape, CRADOCK; MOUNTAIN ZEBRA NAT.; KRANSKOP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0123192-0 Collector(s) & number: Galpin, EE, 2012 | 1896-2-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, QUEENSTOWN; LESSEYTON NEK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0896880-0 Collector(s) & number: Nienaber, EP, EN451 | 1999-6-18

South Africa, Eastern Cape, N9. Middelburg to Graaff-Reinet. Turn right at Dwarsvlei and up onto Renosterberg.

General notes: False upper karoo. Base of ravine/kloof/gorge. Shale. Moderate slope. 'Hospital' scented. Tap root system. Low growing single stemmed. Longitudinally fissured bark. Under other bushes. Leaves tri-foliate in clusters. Grows in colonies.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0610181-0 Collector(s) & number: Burgers, CJ, 1736 | 1979-2-10

South Africa, Western Cape, DE HOOP; POTBERG NAT. RESERV; DE HOOP; ALONG ROAD TO DE HOOP HOUSES

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0858353-0 Collector(s) & number: Middelberg, G, 165 | 2003-1-30

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Baviaanskloof/Makkedaad.

General notes: Karroid Mountain shrub. Biotic effect: natural. Moderate slope. Local use for stomach ache.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0603498-0 Collector(s) & number: Germishuizen, G, 1435 | 1980-12-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAHAMSTOWN; 15 KM FROM GRAHAMSTOWN ON ROAD TO FORT BEAUFORT.

General notes: Slender erct herb from a woody rootstock. Leaves 3-lobed. White flowers axillary.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0703303-0 Collector(s) & number: Retief, E, 364 | 1986-1-22

South Africa, Eastern Cape, HOFMEYR DIST.; ECHODALE FARM.

General notes: Common herb growing under trees. Leaves deeply lobed with pungent smell. White flowers lipped.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0681822-0 Collector(s) & number: Shearing, DAMB, 1003 | 1985-3-23

South Africa, Cape Province, HARTEBEESFONTEIN; C 18 KM NW OF NELSPOORT.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124535-0 Collector(s) & number: Taylor, HC, 7833 | 1970-11-1

South Africa, Western Cape, RIVERSDALE NAT. RES.; 1 MI. S. OF TOWN NR. S.A.B.C. & AIRSTRIP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0581779-0 Collector(s) & number: Van Wyk, B-E, 1812 | 1986-12-12

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Break Neck. Kabouga River bed.

General notes: Occasional herb with white flowers.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124538-0 Collector(s) & number: Wells, MJ, 2636 | 1962-3-24

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Albany District; Botha's Hill

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124543-0 Collector(s) & number: Brynard, AM, 155 | 1952-12-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, CRADOCK DIV.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124534-0 Collector(s) & number: Schlechter, FRR, 1795 | 1892-11-18

South Africa, Western Cape, RIVERSDALE; IN COLLIBUS PR. RIVERSDALE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124546-0 Collector(s) & number: Burtt Davy, J, PRE 11545 | 1911-12-13

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAHAMSTOWN; YARROW

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0669938-0 Collector(s) & number: Allardice, R, 1534 | 1981-7-10

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAAFF-REINET; KAROO NATURE RESERVE; SPITSKOP BOUNDARY FENCE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124548-0 Collector(s) & number: Wells, MJ, 3118 | 1965-4-13

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KEISKAMMAHOEK DIST.; GOLF COURSE PLOT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NBG0197149-0 Collector(s) & number: Euston-Brown, DIW, 04 | 2000-3-15

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Baviaanskloof. Coleske Plaas. 350 above sea level.

General notes: Small herb. White flowers. South slope. Valley bushveld.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124554-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 3501 | 1974-3-30

South Africa, Western Cape, WESTERN CAPE; DE RUST; DRINKWATER FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124540-0 Collector(s) & number: Bolus, 197 | --

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAAF REINET; NR. GRAAFF REINET

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0625630-0 Collector(s) & number: Bohnen, P, 7821 | 1981-2-25

South Africa, Western Cape, RIVERSDALE; SOETMELKS RIVER; SOUTH OF BRIDGE ON MAIN ROAD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124551-0 Collector(s) & number: van der Walt, PT, 17 | 1967-1-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, SOMERSET EAST; AVON HEIGHTS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0647752-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 2717 | 1971-12-18

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; MARKMAN INDUSTRIAL AREA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0787693-0 Collector(s) & number: Bayer, MB, 6169 | 1991-12-

South Africa, Western Cape, Ladismith; Rietfontein 156.

General notes: Karroid Broken Veld. Soil. Well-drained. Loam. Alluvium. Full sun. Gentle east slope. Plant height: 500 m. Frequent. In drainage line - donga.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124528-0 Collector(s) & number: Drege, IL, 3021 | 1912-9-27

South Africa, Eastern Cape, UITENHAGE DIV.; ALOES

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124532-0 Collector(s) & number: Ecklon, CF, PRE 21345 | 1830-12-

South Africa, Western Cape, GEORGE; GOURITZ RIVER; IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF THE GOURITZ RIVER.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124553-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 2717 | 1971-2-23

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; MARKMAN IND. AREA

General notes: Coastal bush flora.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0579499-0 Collector(s) & number: Brand, R, 130 | 1999-4-15

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Someset- Oos: Zuurberg National Park.

General notes: Fynbos. Floodplain. Soil. Well-drained. Sand. Quartzite. Full sun. Herb, 30 cm tall. White flowers.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0625406-0 Collector(s) & number: Moffett, RO, 95 | 1974-6-25

South Africa, Western Cape, CANGO VALLEY; BOOMPLAAS; HILLS ON WESTERN SIDE OF VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124533-0 Collector(s) & number: Long, FR, 801 | 1932-10-8

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; 20 TH MI. ADDO RD.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124439-0 Collector(s) & number: Burtt Davy, J, H13640 | 1912-4-1

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Graaff-Reinet District; Spitzkop.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124544-0 Collector(s) & number: Burtt Davy, J, PRE 12248 | 1912-1-18

South Africa, Eastern Cape, BEDFORD DIST.;EASTPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124525-0 Collector(s) & number: Fries, TCE, 987 | 1930-9-13

South Africa, Eastern Cape, UITENHAGE DIV.; PORT ELIZABETH; HELLSGATE KLOOF NR. PORT ELIZABETH

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0647580-0 Collector(s) & number: Brink, E, 713 | 1980-12-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, GRAHAMSTOWN; 15 KM FROM RESEARCH UNIT. EITHER SIDE OF FORT BEAUFORT ROAD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124549-0 Collector(s) & number: Muller, 659 | 1969-4-22

South Africa, Eastern Cape, CRADOCK; MOUNTAIN ZEBRA NAT.; SPRINGBOKVLAKTE(GROOTKLOOF)

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124524-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 2219 | 1947-4-5

South Africa, Eastern Cape, FORT BEAUFORT DIV; BRAESIDE; 10 MI. N. OF TOWN ON SLOPE 30 YARDS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0689200-0 Collector(s) & number: Zietsman, PC, 1302 | 1985-10-30

South Africa, Eastern Cape, CRADOCK DIST.; NAS. BERGKWAGGA PARK;

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0523820-0 Collector(s) & number: Gibbs Russell, GE, 3103 | 1976-11-18

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALICE; FORT HARE; HONEYDALE FARM W.S.W. TROLLOPES GRAZING PLOTS PLOT V

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0537127-0 Collector(s) & number: Giffen, MH, 1484 | 1943-5-5

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALICE; WOODSTOCK FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124552-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 2405 | 1973-3-29

South Africa, Western Cape, DE RUST; OTSEKLOOF FARM OF HON. P.K. Le Roux

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0123228-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 3730 | 1948-12-23

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KEISKAMMAHOEK; COMMONAGE .5 MI. E. OF TOWN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124541-0 Collector(s) & number: Taylor, HC, 3992 | 1962-9-20

South Africa, Western Cape, BREDASDORP DIST.; KYKOEDIE; 0.8 MI. N. OF MR. HUMANS FARM NR. KYKOEDIE SIDING

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124542-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 15671 | 1949-3-18

South Africa, Eastern Cape, SOMERSET EAST; 22.5 MI. SSW. OF SOMERSET East.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0124536-0 Collector(s) & number: Schlechter, FRR, TRV 4424 | 1892-11-18

South Africa, Western Cape, RIVERSDALE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0085112-0 Collector(s) & number: Victor, JE, 866 | 1995-1-8

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Port Elizabeth Region: 3 km east of Coega on road to Grahamstown.

General notes: Limestone flats. 30 cm tall shrublet. Flowers white.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Observation records

Date: 6/2/2014 12:00:00 AM

Western Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 11/24/2014 12:00:00 AM

Eastern Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 7/18/2020 2:32:00 PM

Western Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 9/22/2020 11:27:00 AM

Western Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 9/15/2020 11:39:00 AM

Western Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 9/12/2020 4:30:00 PM

Western Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 3/22/2021 12:09:00 PM

Western Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 1/9/2021 5:05:00 PM

Western Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 3/6/2022 12:29:00 PM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 7/5/2022 2:33:00 PM

Western Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

2019

SERIES CHAPTER

Lamiaceae Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N

In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2)1125-1164

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

2012

SERIES CHAPTER

Lamiaceae Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P

In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

2006

BOOK

Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Sub-Saharan Africa Klopper, RR; Chatelain, C; Banninger, V; Spichiger, R

SANBI, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 1. Ajuga Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)7-8

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 2. Teucrium Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)9-12

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

1895

BOOK

A contribution to South African Materia Medica

No results found for Teucrium africanum Thunb.

Status

Global

Status and criteria

LC

Assessment date

2016-12-04

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Distribution

Range

The Egyptian Tomb Bat occurs widely throughout northern and sub-Saharan Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and east to the Indian subcontinent. In sub-Saharan Africa, records extend along the Nile and east to Ethiopia and northern Somalia, and west to Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Benin, Niger, and northern Nigeria, and south to Kenya (including Lamu Island), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana (Kock et al. 2008; Monadjem et al. 2010; ACR 2015). However, it is patchily distributed in southern Africa, occurring in southern Zimbabwe, Mozambique and an isolated subpopulation in the Okavango Delta of Botswana (Monadjem et al. 2010). In the assessment region, the species appears to be peripheral, recorded from Border Cave along the Lebombo escarpment on the South Africa-Swaziland border (specimen records of the Durban Natural Science Museum), and from the northern borders of the Limpopo and Shashi confluence along the borders of South Africa and southern Zimbabwe (Harrison 1962; Skinner & Chimimba 2005).

Habitat and ecology

Major system

Terrestrial

Major habitats

Throughout its range, this species is commonly associated with open woodland habitats, frequently found along rivers in wooded savannah, but avoids forest, semi-desert and desert areas (Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005) and prefers open areas where suitable day-roosts are present (Monadjem et al. 2010). It requires the shelter of dark crevices or corners in caves, rock overhangs, stone buildings or rocky outcrops, in which to roost during the day (Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005; Monadjem et al. 2010). Individuals collected at the Shashi-Limpopo confluence were located near a range of sandstone hills, associated with Acacia woodland, alongside dry river beds (Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005). Within southern Africa, the species is seldom found in colonies of more than eight, although in West Africa colonies can number hundreds of individuals (Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005). In southern Zimbabwe, colonies have also been found to number in the hundreds (Monadjem et al. 2010). It is an open-air forager with high wing-loading (Norberg &amp; Rayner 1987; Monadjem et al assessment region, the species has been found to feed predominantly on Lepidoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera species (Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005; Monadjem et al. 2010).<br/><br/><strong>Ecosystem and cultural services:</strong> As this species is insectivorous, it plays an important role in controlling insect populations (Boyles et al. 2011; Kunz et al. 2011). Often, bats prey on the insect species that destroy crops (Boyles et al. 2011; Kunz et al. 2011). Ensuring a healthy population of insectivorous bats can result in a decrease in the use of pesticides.

Threats

Human disturbance has been highlighted as a threat to the Egyptian Tomb Bat, but overall it is unlikely that this species is significantly threatened across its very wide range. In South Asia it is threatened by clearing of thorn forests for agricultural purposes, or for mining and stone quarrying. Roost disturbance due to human interference and development of old buildings for tourism purposes are also considered serious threats (C. Srinivasulu pers. comm.; Molur et al. 2002). Within the assessment region, threats to this species have not been quantified. However, climate change is recognised as a potential threat to most bat species, as climate is known to influence the biogeography of bats, the availability of food, energetic expenditure, as well as the timing and duration of important processes such as reproduction, hibernation, development and torpor (Sherwin et al. 2013). However, this remains to be verified as a threat to the species within the assessment region.

Population

Population trend

The Egyptian Tomb Bat is common in parts of its African range, but is less common elsewhere. It is found in small colonies (between six to eight individuals) in the southern African subregion (Harrison 1962; Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005; Monadjem et al. 2010), but can number in the hundreds in southern Zimbabwe (Monadjem et al. 2010). In South Asia the abundance, population size and trends for this species are not known, and the species has only been recorded from a few localities (Bates &amp; Harrison 1997). Direct observation and counting of individuals at Border Cave (border between South Africa and Swaziland) over a three period, suggests that the population may be increasing. In 2014, it contained between 25–30 individuals (L.R. Richards unpubl. data), from an estimated 10–15 individuals originally observed in 2011 (White 2011). The southern African population of this species is poorly represented in museums, with just 28 records used in Monadjem et al. (2010).

Bibliography

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Longfield, C. 1947. The Odonata of South Angola. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Lisboa. 16:1–31

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1967. Odonata of Ngamiland. Arnoldia. 15:1-17

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1984. A check-list of the Odonata of Zimbabwe and Zambia. Smithersia. 3:1-64

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1964. Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Angola–Congo borders of Rhodesia. Publiçaciones culturais Companhia de Diamantes de Angola Lisboa. 63:97–129

Part(s) of plant used Use(s) Reference
Leaves Snakebites (Used by: Xhosa) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Stomach disorders (Body part: Stomach) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Plant $Anthrax-infected meat Sterilize anthrax-infected meat by boiling it with the plant. (Used by: Mfengu) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Eye inflammations (Body part: Eye) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Plant Feverishness Taken as a diaphoretic. Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic (Used by: Xhosa) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Snake-bite remedy (Used by: Thembu) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Snake-bite remedy (Used by: Gcaleka) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Plant Gallsickness - Calves and goats Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Plant Haemorrhoids A decoction is drunk and also applied locally. (Used by: Xhosa) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Snake bite Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Snake bite Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Sore throats (Body part: Throat) Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Snake bite Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Sore throats (Body part: Throat) Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Sore throats (Body part: Throat) Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Snake bite Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Sore throats (Body part: Throat) Githens, TS. 1948. Drug plants of Africa, Vol. 8. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. [All rights reserved]
Plant Anthrax Combined with Rumex sp. Probably Rumex crispus. (Used by: Xhosa) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Snake-bite remedy For the bite of small very venomous snakes. Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Unspecified Snake-bite remedy (Used by: Mpondo) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Bark (dried) Tonic (Used by: Africans) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Tonic (Used by: Mfengu) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Snakebites (Used by: Mfengu) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Leaves Sore throats (Body part: Throat Used by: Africans) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Plant $Anthrax-infected meat Sterilize anthrax-infected meat by boiling it with the plant. (Used by: Xhosa) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]

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