PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / LAMIALES / LAMIACEAE / NEPENTOIDEAE / MENTHEAE / SALVIA / TRIANGULARIS

Salvia triangularis Thunb.
LC Indigenous Endemic
Morphological description

Perennial herb branching from the scarcely woody base; stems sparingly branched, decumbent-ascending, 0.15-0.5 m long, hispid-villous. Leaves petiolate; blade simple, ovate-triangular, 20-40 x 15-30 mm, shortly villous, apex obtuse to rounded, base truncate to subcordate, occasionally shortly auriculate, margin irregularly crenate. Inflorescence of up to 10 verticils, spaced below, denser above; verticils (2-)4-6-flowered. Calyx shortly villous, up to 13 mm long in fruit, campanulate, with a wide sinus between the upper and lower lips; upper lip with 3 subequal acuminate teeth 2-2.5 mm long, the middle tooth often slightly shorter than the outer two. Corolla pale blue, mauve or purple, 12-16 mm long; tube 8-11 mm long; upper lip straight, 2.5-3 mm long; lower lip slightly longer. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Perennial herb, 0.15-0.50 m high; stems branching from scarcely woody base; decumbent-ascending; hispid-villous. Leaves petiolate, simple, ovate-triangular, 20-40 x 15-30 mm, base truncate to subcordate, apex obtuse to rounded, margins irregularly crenate; shortly villous. Inflorescence simple; verticillasters up to 10, spaced below, denser above, each 2-6-flowered. Flowers pale blue, mauve or purple. Calyx shortly villous, up to 13 mm long in fruit, campanulate with a wide sinus between the upper and lower lips. Corolla: tube 8-11 mm long; upper lip 2.5-3.0 mm long; lower lip slightly longer. Flowering time Sept.-Apr. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Like S. aurita but leaves ovate-triangular, 20-40 mm long and calyx bilabiate in fruit. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Lamiaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Diagnostic description

Related to the next species, S. aurita, but has smaller, more densely pubescent leaves, and a somewhat longer fruiting calyx in which there is a relatively wide sinus between the upper and lower lips. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Habitat

In open grassy places between bushes and at forest margins. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Open grassy places between bushes and at forest margins, alt. 20-1950 m; Sub-Escarpment Savanna, Drakensberg Grassland, Albany Thicket. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Wooded grasslands. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Lamiaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Distribution

Found in south-eastern Cape Province from about King William's Town to near Humansdorp and inland to Somerset East and Keiskammahoek. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Alice to King William’s Town S, from Hankey to Humansdorp District and Koonap Height in Albany District. From: Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N. 2019. Lamiaceae. In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2): 1125-1164. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Humansdorp to E Cape. From: Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P. 2012. Lamiaceae. In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. [CC BY]

Flowering time

August

Altitude

20 to 1950 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

https://seis-sanbi.azureedge.net/anura/default/asset.do?preview=262129

Names and Sources

Accepted name
Salvia triangularis Thunb.
Synonym(s)

Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

PHYLUM Anthophyta

ORDER Lamiales

FAMILY Lamiaceae

SUBFAMILY Nepentoideae

TRIBE Mentheae

GENUS Salvia

SPECIES triangularis

37 results for Salvia triangularis Thunb.

Narrow your results

Narrow your results

Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0471719-0 Collector(s) & number: Devenish, NJ, 1570 | 1975-12-28

South Africa, Mpumalanga, WAKKERSTROOM DIST.; OSHOEK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0234631-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 13734 | 1947-4-30

South Africa, Eastern Cape, HUMANSDORP DIV.; ZOETKLOOF; 12.5 MI. NNE OF HUMANSDORP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115871-0 Collector(s) & number: Long, FR, 817 | 1932-10-30

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; PERSEVERANCE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0707514-0 Collector(s) & number: Urton, NR, 850 | 1985-11-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; BLUE-WATER BAY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115874-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 814 | 1968-8-12

South Africa, Eastern Cape, UITENHAGE; UITENHAGE WATERWORKS SPRINGS 5 MI. N. OFUITENHAGE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0469697-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 3148 | 1974-10-23

South Africa, Eastern Cape, PORT ELIZABETH; MARKMAN INDUSTRIAL A

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115864-0 Collector(s) & number: Zeyher, CLP, 3532 | 1847--

South Africa, Western Cape, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115869-0 Collector(s) & number: Thode, A2740 | 1930-10-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ENON

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0854870-0 Collector(s) & number: Steenkamp, LP, 390 | 2006-3-3

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Fort Beaufort District. Public road to Allemansfontein farm.

General notes: Road verge in riverine thicket. Slope: gentle. Mauve flowers, small, lipped. Hair stems. Quilted leaves. Flowers on tall stems.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0984158-0 Collector(s) & number: Potgieter, FJ, FP01456 | 2002-8-8

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Baviaanskloof.

General notes: Valley Bushveld. Moderate slope. Aromatic. Voucher: photo, spirit collection.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115867-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 191 | 1945-11-3

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALBANY DIV.; 16 MI. FROM SALEM ON SOUTHWELL RD

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115872-0 Collector(s) & number: Sim, TR, PRE 31975 | 1888--

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KING WILLIAMS TOWN D

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0484289-0 Collector(s) & number: Hall-Martin, AJ, 5950 | 1976-6-3

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ADDO ELEPHANT NAT. P; REST CAMP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0994772-0 Collector(s) & number: Nkuna, LA, 8019 | 2017-10-26

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Nelson Mandela Bay District. Motherwell along the road R335 towards Addo.

General notes: Associated species: Gasteria bicolor var.. bicolor, Lycium cinereum, Carpobrotus edulis, Aloe striata. Seed collected from plants in mid-season, both moist & dry seed. Soil white & well-drained.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115863-0 Collector(s) & number: Sim, TR, PRE 39624 | 1888--

South Africa, Eastern Cape, KING WILLIAMS TOWN D; PERIE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115866-0 Collector(s) & number: Schonland, S, 3696 | 1920-4-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALBANY; KOONAP HEIGHT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0547107-0 Collector(s) & number: Giffen, MH, 2262 | 1947-3-12

South Africa, Eastern Cape, ALICE; DAL EENDRACHT FARM S. OF ALICE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0574831-0 Collector(s) & number: Sim, TR, PRE 39664B | 1888--

South Africa, Eastern Cape, King William's Town.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115875-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 3057 | 1973-5-29

South Africa, Eastern Cape, MARKMAN INDUSTRIAL A; AT OLD RD. CLEARING OF THE BUSH

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0115868-0 Collector(s) & number: Marsh, JA, 1369 | 1969-9-26

South Africa, Eastern Cape, HANKEY; 3.7 MI. FROM HANKEY TO PATENSIE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0894128-0 Collector(s) & number: Potgieter, FJ, FP01236 | 2002-7-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Uitenhage (Dirt road - Elandsriver to Uitenhage).

General notes: Valley Bushveld. Gentle slope. Aromatic.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Observation records

Date: 1/23/2020 12:00:00 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Barcode: WAG.1698209 | Collector(s) & number: Werdermann E; Oberdieck H-D , Werdermann, E; Oberdieck, H-D 1195 | 1958-11-21

South Africa

Data Resource: https://ror.org/0566bfb96 View record

Date: 12/6/2017 9:10:00 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 12/26/2021 9:53:00 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/26/2024 3:50:32 PM

Eastern Cape

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/24/2024 9:40:00 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/24/2024 10:09:00 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 5/18/2024 11:26:56 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/24/2024 11:26:00 AM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 12/14/2021 3:58:54 PM

Eastern Cape, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

2019

SERIES CHAPTER

Lamiaceae Bredenkamp, CL; Ngoepe, N

In: CL Bredenkamp (ed.), A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41(2)1125-1164

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

2012

SERIES CHAPTER

Lamiaceae Manning, JC; Goldblatt, P

In: J Manning & P Goldblatt (eds), Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: The Core Cape flora. Strelitzia 29: 601-604

South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)79-102

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

No results found for Salvia triangularis Thunb.

Status

Global

Status and criteria

LC

Assessment date

2016-01-14

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Distribution

Range

Southern Elephant Seals have a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Hemisphere. Although they reach the Antarctic continent and even very high latitude locations such as Ross Island, they are most common north of the seasonally shifting pack ice, especially in Subantarctic waters where most rookeries and haul-outs are located. The northern-most breeding locality for the species is Gough Island, southern Atlantic, although the population is tiny (pup production c. 18 / year; Bester et al. 2001).<br/><br/>Some pups are also born on the Antarctic continent. Southern Elephant Seals prefer sandy and cobble beaches, but will haul-out on sea ice, snow and rocky terraces and regularly rest (but especially moult) above the beach in tussock grass, other vegetation, and mud wallows. At sea, females and males tend to disperse to different feeding grounds, although there is large individual variation in foraging site fidelity, and some overlap between the sexes and ages.<br/><br/>Within the assessment region, this species breeds on Prince Edward Island and Marion Island. Movement at sea is considerable and, even though breeding colonies are disjunct or fragmented, there is movement of individuals between colonies to ensure gene flow, and in one instance, Marion Island to Gough Island, which likely represents gene flow between provinces (Kerguelen and South Georgia provinces – see Reisinger &amp; Bester 2010).<br/><br/>Wandering and vagrant Southern Elephant Seals reach southern Africa (with 1–3 sightings per year off South African coastlines).

Habitat and ecology

Major system

Marine

Major habitats

The Southern Elephant Seal is the largest pinniped species. Adult males typically reach 4.5 m and a maximum of 5.8 m in length, and weigh 1,500–3,000 kg, with a maximum weight of about 4,000 kg. Adult females are similar in size and weight to Northern Elephant Seal females weighing 350–600 kg with exceptionally large females reaching 800 kg. Newborn pups are about 1.3 m and 40–50 kg. Pups are born in a long woolly black lanugo coat that is shed at about 3 weeks of age, to reveal a silver grey counter-shaded coat that is yellowish grey ventrally.<br/><br/>Females reach sexual maturity between 3 and 5 years and males reach sexual maturity at an age of 5 years. However, few males breed until they reach social maturity at an age of least 10 years (Jones 1981). At Marion Island, rather anomalously, many males commence breeding at 7 or 8. Ninety percent of males die before the age of 10 years while 90% of females die before the age of 14 years (McCann 1980; Pistorius et al. 1999).<br/><br/>Elephant Seals have an annual cycle with two well-defined pelagic phases, with transitions being marked by moult and reproduction. Adult males and females come ashore to reproduce from August to October. This species provides one of the most extreme examples of polygyny among mammals on land, but recent evidence suggests an alternative strategy in the species with some females mating pelagically (de Bruyn et al. 2011). Although females are capable of annual pup production, many females skip breeding seasons (de Bruyn et al. 2011). The social units are harems, each held by a single dominant male that monopolizes access to around 60 sexually receptive females (at Marion Island) for a period of approximately two months. Early in the breeding season males establish dominance hierarchies on beaches via impressive displays, which include rearing up on the hindquarters and lifting almost two-thirds of the body straight up to fight with a peer or issue vocal challenges to nearby bulls.<br/><br/>Vocalizations include a booming, loud call of the adult male in the breeding season, variously called a bubbling roar, a harsh rattling sound, and a low pitched series of pulses with little variation in frequency. Adult females have a high-pitched yodelling call which they use when distressed, and to call their pups. They will also utter a low pitch, sputtering growl. Pups call to their mothers with a sharp bark or yap, which is also used when interacting with other seals.<br/><br/>Southern Elephant Seals spend a large percentage of their lives at sea (McIntyre et al. 2010) and only return to land to give birth, breed and moult, although especially young animals sometimes engage in a little-understood winter rest haulout. At sea, they range far from their rookeries and predominantly feed between the Subantarctic Convergence and the northern edge of the pack ice, south of the Antarctic Convergence. Adult males typically venture further south than females, and are known to forage at the seaward edge of the Antarctic continental shelf. However, at Marion Island they forage pelagically over very deep water, unlike many of the other populations that feed benthically or over much shallower water (McIntyre et al. 2011).<br/><br/>Foraging Elephant Seals combine exceptionally deep diving with long-distance travelling, covering millions of square kilometres while traversing a wide range of oceanographic regions during periods of up to seven months at sea (McIntyre et al. 2010). The seals spend most of their at-sea time in particular water masses that include frontal systems, currents and shifting marginal ice-edge zones. Studies of foraging locations suggest that seals are sensitive to fine-scale variation in bathymetry and ocean surface properties (sea-ice concentration and sea surface temperature) (McIntyre et al. 2011; Tosh et al. 2015).<br/><br/>Although not well understood, prey consists predominantly of squid and fish. Antarctic Notothenia fishes are thought to be important prey when these seals are near the Antarctic continental shelf. Most feeding by females occurs in deep ocean areas at mid-water depths (McIntyre et al. 2010)<br/><br/>Prince Edwards Islands have been proclaimed a Marine Protected Area, although human traffic due to research activities may have a minor and spatially limited disturbance effect on Marion Island.<br/><br/>Subantarctic islands (the pebble or sand beaches in particular) are vital haul-out habitats for breeding and moult in the species.<br/><strong><br/>Ecosystem and cultural services:</strong> Southern Elephant Seals are major consumers in the Southern Ocean, playing a critical role as indicators of change in the ecosystems. As ubiquitous visitors to land, these apex predators provide opportunity for dedicated long term life history studies by field researchers. They are therefore a useful model species for assessment of demographic change, drivers of change and consequences thereof within this ecosystem. As top predators within the Prince Edward Islands ecosystem, they form important links in the islands’ marine food web. Through import of large quantities of nutrients from the ocean when they breed and moult on the islands they markedly enhance soil and plant nutrient status in the vegetated areas in which they occur (Smith 2008).<br/><br/>In addition their value in the historical “sealing” industry is useful for understanding socio-political and economic drivers of 19th and 20th century human endeavours into unchartered territories in the southern latitudes of our world.

Threats

There are few threats and conflicts today, as Southern Elephant Seals live far from human population centres and have minimal interactions with commercial fisheries, but are affected to various degrees by entanglement in fishing gear (Hofmeyr et al. 2002; Campagna et al. 2007). Intensive fishing could potentially deplete important prey stocks. However, relatively little is known about their feeding habits. There is no evidence that recent declines for animals breeding in the Indian and Pacific Oceans are related to fisheries in the Southern Ocean. However, development of new fisheries at high latitudes in the future could have a significant impact on Elephant Seal populations.

Southern Elephant Seals that haul out at mainland sites could come in contact with feral dogs and other terrestrial carnivores and be exposed to a variety of diseases including morbilliviruses (Bester 2014).

The possible effects of global climate and associated oceanographic change on Southern Elephant Seals are not well understood. Learmonth et al. (2006) suggest that while the effects of global climate change are uncertain, the species is likely to decline as a result of habitat and ecosystem changes. For example, predicted reduction in sea ice habitats due to continued climate warming will impact the distribution of food and breeding habitat for the species. Predictions are not clear yet regarding how these effects will impact the size of the populations.

Small population sizes facilitate minor threats such as predation and genetic drift, which may threaten local breeding colonies. Reisinger et al. (2011) refuted the claim that predation from Killer Whales is a current threat at the Prince Edward islands, although such predation undoubtedly plays some regulatory role on this population. Furthermore, there is immigration into the Prince Edward Islands population from elsewhere (particularly the French Islands to the east). Changes in Elephant Seal numbers at these islands could impact on local population growth.

Population

Population trend

The worldwide population of Southern Elephant Seals was estimated to be 650,000 in the mid-1990s. No recent integrated estimate is available throughout the entire distribution.<br/><br/>Traditionally, three distinct provinces/populations have been distinguished: South Georgia, Macquarie and Îles Kerguelen. However, Elephant Seals breeding at Península Valdes on the mainland of South America and at the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands are now thought to be a distinct province/population from those at South Georgia. Similarly, the elephant seal populations at the Prince Edward Islands and Îles Crozet are also considered to be distinct from those at Îles Kerguelen and Heard Island, and the small subpopulation at Gough Island may also be distinct. Additionally, some colonies have unknown affiliations (e.g. Bouvet). Thus, there may be at least five and perhaps more, distinct breeding populations, although their foraging areas overlap quite extensively at sea (Reijnders et al. 1993; Bailleul et al. 2007; Biuw et al. 2007) and we suspect there is gene flow between the subpopulations (Reisinger &amp; Bester 2010).<br/><br/>Due to the strict conservation status of Prince Edward Island access is sporadic and difficult. Population monitoring of Southern Elephant Seals is therefore based on annual censuses conducted on Marion Island which hosts the bulk of the Prince Edward Islands population. Adult females haul out synchronously to reach a peak on 15 October during which island-wide counts of females and pups are conducted. Based on life table analyses it has been estimated that the entire population can be estimated through multiplying pup numbers by a conversion factor of 3.15 (Pistorius et al. 1999). However, this is based on the assumption that all females (past primiparity) breed annually, which is not the case (de Bruyn et al. 2011). In fact about half seem to breed annually, so the correction factor based on 552 pups (2015) would give us around 1,740 animals from all sex-age categories annually, but because of skipping we would actually have a higher number in the mature population.<br/><br/>Within the assessment region, two periods of population decline are recorded: hunting pressure during the 1900s significantly reduced population size, which then recovered until the 1950s, but then saw a sharp decline of 83% between 1951 and c. 1994/1997 (Pistorius et al. 1999; McMahon et al. 2009), for largely unknown reasons although the “food limitation hypothesis” (suspecte

Bibliography

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Longfield, C. 1947. The Odonata of South Angola. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, Lisboa. 16:1–31

BOOK
Pinhey, E. 1961. A survey of the dragonflies of Eastern Africa. British Museum (Natural History)

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1967. Odonata of Ngamiland. Arnoldia. 15:1-17

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1984. A check-list of the Odonata of Zimbabwe and Zambia. Smithersia. 3:1-64

Part(s) of plant used Use(s) Reference
Plant Barrenness - Women (Used by: Basotho) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]
Plant Liver ailments - Cattle (Body part: Liver Used by: Basotho) Watt, JM; Breyer-Brandwijk, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa: Being an account of their medicinal and other uses, chemical composition, pharmachological effects and toxicology in man and animal, 2nd ed. Livingstone, Edinburgh. [All rights reserved]

Coming soon...