PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / LAMIALES / LAMIACEAE / NEPENTOIDEAE / MENTHEAE / SALVIA / DOLOMITICA

Salvia dolomitica Codd
LC Indigenous Endemic
Morphological description

Shrub 1-2 m tall, branched from the base; stems terete, ascending, densely covered with a short whitish crisped tomentum. Leaves petiolate; blade simple, elliptic to obovate, 25-50(-65) x 12-20(-30) mm, densely greyish appressed tomentose on both surfaces, reticulate beneath and gland-dotted, apex obtuse, base obtuse to cuneate, margin entire. Inflorescence compact, of several 2-flowered verticils. Calyx broadly campanulate, often purple-tinged, glandular hirsute, enlarging to 25 mm long in fruit. Corolla light pink or lilac with cream or yellow markings on the lower lip, 20-28 mm long; tube c. 10 mm long; upper lip falcate, 10-14 mm long; lower lip 12-18 mm long. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Habitat

Usually on dolomitic outcrops. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Distribution

Restricted to the eastern and north-eastern Transvaal. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 79-102. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Altitude

1000 to 1900 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

https://seis-sanbi.azureedge.net/anura/default/asset.do?preview=260709

Names and Sources

Accepted name
Salvia dolomitica Codd
Synonym(s)

Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

PHYLUM Anthophyta

ORDER Lamiales

FAMILY Lamiaceae

SUBFAMILY Nepentoideae

TRIBE Mentheae

GENUS Salvia

SPECIES dolomitica

35 results for Salvia dolomitica Codd

Narrow your results

Narrow your results

Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0114587-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 3089 | 1947-10-14

South Africa, Limpopo, LETABA DIST; THE DOWNS; 2 MI. S. OF POST OFFICE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114601-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 10400 | 1963-12-19

South Africa, Limpopo, PIETERSBURG DIST.; WOLKBERG; 12 MI. SE. OF BOYNE ON RD. TO ASHMOLE DALES

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0567871-0 Collector(s) & number: Lotter, MC, 404 | 1998-9-18

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Pilgrims Rest turnoff along Ohrigstad to Lydenburg Road.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114598-0 Collector(s) & number: Maguire, B, 917 | 1951-7-22

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST DIST.; MAKAPAN VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0897382-0 Collector(s) & number: Du Toit, GJ, 2084 | 1991-8-20

South Africa, Limpopo,

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0739937-0 Collector(s) & number: Brusse, FA, 5610 | 1989-7-9

South Africa, Limpopo, ZEBEDIELA; BEWAARKLOOF; 18 KM FROM MAIN PIETERSBURG - TZANEEN ROAD AT BOYNE TO WOLKBERG EST. 1 KM FROSCHFA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114589-0 Collector(s) & number: Rogers, FA, TRV 20323 | 1919-7-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, PILGRIMS REST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114597-0 Collector(s) & number: Maguire, B, 2531 | 1953-5-22

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST DIST.; MAKAPAN VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114586-0 Collector(s) & number: Gerstner, J, 5604 | 1945-11-

South Africa, Limpopo, WOLKBERG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: GHPG$0003923-0 Collector(s) & number: Floors, L, 11 | 2010-11-3

South Africa, Western Cape, Betty's Bay. Harold Porter NBG, Bed K1 at Limestone.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114594-0 Collector(s) & number: Thompson, SC, PRE 31981 | 1953-7-12

South Africa, Limpopo, HAENERTSBURG DIST.; WOLKBERG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114596-0 Collector(s) & number: Liebenberg, LCC, 6114 | 1955-7-

South Africa, Limpopo, THE DOWNS DIST.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114595-0 Collector(s) & number: Rogers, FA, 23101 | --

South Africa, Limpopo, LYDENBURG; BETW. PILGRIM'S REST AND SABIE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114585-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 8848 | 1955-11-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, PILGRIMS REST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0862288-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 11609 | 2013-10-1

South Africa, Limpopo, Pietersburg District. Farm: La Fleur 907KS. Between turnoff to Moria City on Haenertsburg road (R71) and Wolkberg Nature Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114604-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 2955 | 1973-8-28

South Africa, Mpumalanga, OHRIGSTAD DAM NAT. R

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114588-0 Collector(s) & number: Story, R, 4001 | 1950-11-2

South Africa, Mpumalanga, PILGRIMS REST; E. OUTSKIRTS OF TOWN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114591-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 1814 | 1971-11-10

South Africa, Mpumalanga, OHRIGSTAD DAM NAT. R

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114593-0 Collector(s) & number: Thompson, SC, PRE 31980 | 1953-1-3

South Africa, Limpopo, PIETERSBURG DIST.: WOLKBERG; Iron Crown.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0724458-0 Collector(s) & number: McMurtry, DM, 4185 | 1980-11-29

South Africa, Limpopo, WOLKBERG; PAARDEVLEI; W OF PAARDEVLEI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: GHPG$0003790-0 Collector(s) & number: Joubert, CE, 1046 | 2010-8-4

South Africa, Western Cape, Betty's Bay. Limestone Bed F4 at Harold Porter NBG.

General notes: Acc. no: 301/08.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0661837-0 Collector(s) & number: Stalmans, M, 119 | 1984-8-16

South Africa, Limpopo, MALTA; LEKGALAMEETSE NAT. RES. PAST MARINELLA TOWARDS "HARPEPHYLLUM-FOREST". NE-ASPECT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114605-0 Collector(s) & number: Vahrmeijer, J(H), 2454 | 1974-3-16

South Africa, Limpopo, WOLKBERG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114592-0 Collector(s) & number: Crundall, AH, PRE 31979 | 1945-4-

South Africa, Limpopo, PIETERSBURG DIST.; MARAKE THE DOWNS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0114590-0 Collector(s) & number: Ihlenfeldt, H-D, 2304 | 1962-2-4

South Africa, Limpopo, MICA; 10 KM. ON RD. TO HOEDSPRUIT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Observation records

Date: 10/6/2014 12:00:00 AM

Limpopo

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 11/7/2016 4:01:00 PM

Mpumalanga

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 4/29/2023 12:58:48 PM

Limpopo, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 8/3/2023 9:35:52 AM

Limpopo, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 9/30/2023 5:23:22 PM

Mpumalanga

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 12/19/2023 1:25:25 PM

Mpumalanga, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 12/9/2018 1:58:00 PM

Limpopo

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 2/18/2024 9:55:00 AM

Limpopo

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 12/3/2023 11:48:00 AM

Mpumalanga, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Date: 2/15/2024 2:43:00 PM

Limpopo, South Africa

Data Resource: iNaturalist View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 14. Salvia Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)79-102

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

1957

PERIODICAL/JOURNAL

Salvia dolomitica Codd Codd, LEW; Letty, CL

Flowering Plants of South Africa 32: , t.1248

No results found for Salvia dolomitica Codd

Status

Global

Status and criteria

LC

Assessment date

2016-01-14

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Distribution

Range

The Honey Badger has an extensive historical range which extends through most of sub-Saharan Africa from the Western Cape, South Africa, to southern Morocco and southwestern Algeria, and outside of Africa through Arabia, Iran and western Asia to Middle Asia and the Indian peninsula (Proulx et al. 2016).<br/><br/>Within the assessment region, the species occurs in South Africa and the Lowveld regions of Swaziland (Monadjem 1998), but is absent from Lesotho (Lynch 1994; Proulx et al. 2016). In South Africa, Honey Badgers historically occurred in all provinces except the Free State (Lynch 1983). The reason for the absence of badgers in this area remains unknown, but it is speculated that either this is a result of localised extinctions from hunting or, more likely, that badgers have never occurred in these parts of the country because of the suboptimal, open-steppe nature of this region (Begg 2001b). A single record was received from the eastern border of the Free State during a critical assessment of the Badger Friendly Labelling (BFL) Project (Irlich &amp; Davies-Mostert 2009), but it remains unclear whether this represents range expansion, lack of surveying in the area, or spill-over from suitable habitats in the KwaZulu-Natal Province across the Drakensberg range.<br/><br/>However, there appears to have been a range expansion throughout the North West Province, largely onto the Highveld grasslands, to the north of the Free State (Power 2014). Honey Badgers were absent from the southern Highveld grasslands during the 1970s (Rautenbach 1982), and even early 2000s (Friedmann &amp; Daly 2004; Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005). Based on camera-trapping evidence, they have since been found to occur in this area (Power 2014). This suggests either an increase in abundance or re-colonisation of areas, although another explanation is that observer effort might have increased due to the use of camera-trapping. One cub was found near Ventersdorp, and this thus suggests that breeding has occurred too (Power 2014). The species was recorded at the SA Lombard Nature Reserve in 2012 (see Power 2013), a reserve which has had extensive carnivore-related research and trapping done on it before 1994, with no mention of this species. In the arid western parts of the North West Province, farmer questionnaire reports of the same administrative districts (Vryburg &amp; Mafikeng) suggest an increase from c. 8% occurrence during the 1970s (Lloyd &amp; Millar 1983) to 40% in 2012 (Power 2013). It has been hypothesised that increased woody cover, due to climate change-induced bush encroachment onto the Grassland Biome, has facilitated the greater occurrence of this species (Power 2014). Because Honey Badgers are known to be able to swim (Kingdon 1997), it remains to be seen whether they ever have forded the Vaal River to enter the Free State.<br/><br/>Honey Badgers have recently been recorded from the Cradle of Humankind in Gauteng (Kuhn 2014). In the Northern Cape, there appears to have been range stability since the 1970s, while the old Transkei (eastern parts of the Eastern Cape) always had a low prevalence of this species (see Stuart 1981; Lloyd &amp; Millar 1983). For example, there is only one record from Lynch (1989) in the northeastern Eastern Cape from the Jamestown District. This is still reflected currently, as even in protected areas of the old Transkei, a mammalian survey carried out in 2003 showed no evidence for this species’ occurrence (Hayward et al. 2005). Similarly, since the last assessment (Rowe-Rowe 1992; Friedmann &amp; Daly 2004), there seems to be a decline in occurrence of the species in southern KwaZulu-Natal, which may be genuine or an artefact of no recent records being available. If the former, this could be cause for concern. Begg (2001b) reported that the badger populations in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, the Kalahari in the Northern Cape as well as the Western Cape’s coastal lowlands support the largest concentrations of Honey Badgers in South Africa, which was corroborated by Irlich and Davies-Mostert (2009).

Habitat and ecology

Major system

Terrestrial

Major habitats

Honey Badgers live in a wide variety of habitat types within the assessment region. However, they are generally absent from the more open and central parts of the Grassland and Nama Karoo biomes, which suggests cover to be important. They are opportunistic, generalist carnivores (Begg et al. 2003a), and feed on a range of prey items varying in size from small insect larvae to the young of ungulates. All mammalian carnivores smaller than Honey Badgers are considered prey items, as are the young of medium-sized carnivores (Begg et al. in press). Although they are primarily hunters of their own food, they may pirate food from other carnivores and will also scavenge from the kills of larger animals (Begg et al. 2013). They do kill small livestock on occasions (Stuart 1981) and can cause damage to domestic poultry or take food from camp kitchens and bins (Bird &amp; Mateke 2013). Large carnivores such as Lion (<em>Panthera leo</em>) and Leopard (<em>Panthera pardus</em>) prey on Honey Badger adults and cubs, while cubs are also killed by Black-backed Jackals (<em>Canis mesomelas</em>) (Begg et al. in press).<br/><br/>Honey Badgers are essentially nocturnal, but they may be active during the day in areas where there is little human disturbance, and during seasons when day temperatures are cooler (Begg et al. 2016a). Honey Badgers are primarily solitary, with a non-territorial polygynous or promiscuous mating system (Begg et al. 2005a). Males may range over areas as large as 500 km<sup>2</sup>, and scent-marking plays an important role in communication (Begg et al. 2003b).<br/><br/>In the Kalahari, Begg et al. (in press) recorded foraging associations between Honey Badgers and seven other species (two mammals, five birds). Commensalistic interactions between badgers and Pale Chanting-goshawks (<em>Melierax canorus</em>) and Black-backed Jackals were most common. Goshawks and jackals experienced increased hunting opportunities and intake rate, and therefore benefited from the association through facilitation. Honey Badgers, in contrast, did not show any significant differences in capture success, intake rate or predator vigilance when foraging in association compared to foraging alone.<br/><br/>Honey Badgers seem to have some immunity to bee stings, but they are cautious and can be killed by bees as seen when badgers are caught in gin traps around commercial beehives and when badgers break into wild hives (C.M. Begg and K.S. Begg pers. obs. 2000). They also have developed some immunity to snake venom which is thought to be the result of numerous minor envenomation events from bees, scorpions and smaller snakes. When interacting with larger carnivores, they have a formidable display of a rattling roar, rushing at predators and the release of scent that dissuades many opponents at close contact; and when fighting is inevitable, their coarse, loosely-fitted skin and thick sub-cutaneous fat deposits have an important protection function.<br/><br/><strong>Ecosystem and cultural services:</strong> Since they feed extensively on rodents and arthropods (Smithers 1971; Begg et al. 2003a), which are agricultural pests, Honey Badgers can serve a useful role in the agriculture industry.<br/><br/>The species is well known for its ferocity and antics of unprovoked attacks on other larger species, including man (Smithers 1971; Mills 1997; Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005), and notwithstanding its small size (Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005), the character of bravery, irascibility and courage emerge, which are naturally immortalised in western culture.<br/><br/>Honey Badgers are believed to have a mutualistic association with the Greater Honeyguide (Indicator indicator); the latter would lead a badger to the beehives, where the badger would break open the hive and feed on the bee larvae (not the honey; Photo 2) and leave scraps for the bird (Friedmann 1955). There is significant anecdotal evidence of this across Africa (Kingdon 1997), and although not scientifically proven, there is a real possibility that badgers do actually engage in such behaviour. However, one should also consider that this association might have been misinterpreted due to the real guiding behaviour that honeyguides provide for people. Honey Badgers can easily find hives themselves, and C.M. Begg and K.S. Begg (pers. obs. 2004) have seen honeyguides arrive at a hive once a badger was already breaking in. As for Pale Chanting-goshawks, Ant-eating Chats (<em>Myrmecocichla formicivora</em>) or Crimson-breasted Shrikes (<em>Laniarius atrococcineus</em>), observations to date seem to suggest that the honeyguide may rather opportunistically follow the Honey Badger (C.M. Begg and K.S. Begg pers. obs. 1996–1999).

Threats

As their scientific name suggests (melis means honey and voro means devour), conflict has occurred between Honey Badgers and beekeepers as they share a common interest. Beehive damage by Honey Badgers is a significant threat to beekeeping productivity, particularly around protected areas. Honey Badgers have been persecuted by farmers since the early 1800s as they were classified as “vermin” or problem animals. Begg (2001b) found that Honey Badgers were directly causing in excess of R500,000 worth of damage per annum in the Western Cape and Mpumalanga alone. Thus, the main threat to Honey Badgers is direct persecution through the use of, for example, steel-jawed traps and poisons, by apiculturists and small livestock farmers throughout their range. They are also indirectly killed by non-selective control programmes targeting other species, such as Black-backed Jackal and Caracal (Caracal caracal) (Begg et al. 2013). Considering that Honey Badgers are scavengers as well, they are likely to become victims of poisoning. There is evidence to suggest that they have gone locally extinct in many areas due to poisoning (C.M. Begg & K.S. Begg pers. obs. 2006). This type of anthropogenic mortality may not necessarily be counteracted by natural recolonisation as they have a slow recolonisation rate and currently only a small percentage of South African nature reserves are large enough to sustain viable subpopulations of these animals, leaving the larger part of South Africa’s Honey Badger population unprotected (Begg 2001b; Table 2). Compounding this, Honey Badgers also have low natural reproduction rates. There is generally only one cub per litter which reaches independence at the age of 12–16 months, and cub mortality is 47% (Begg 2001a; Begg et al. 2005a), This, together with large home range sizes (e.g. Begg et al. 2005b) suggest that these mustelids live at low densities and are therefore vulnerable to even modest levels of persecution. A minor threat to this species is collisions on roads (W. Collinson unpubl. data), especially while scavenging on other roadkill.

Population

Population trend

Honey Badgers are considered to be rare or to exist at low densities across most of their range (Begg et al. 2013). Densities based on night counts have been estimated at 0.1 individual / km² in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania (Waser 1980) and 0.03 adult / km² in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) (Begg 2001a). There is unfortunately no density data from the mesic savannahs, such as Kruger National Park (KNP), and it is unknown at this stage as to which areas have higher densities, i.e. KNP vs KTP. Given these density estimates (0.10–0.03 individual / km<sup>2</sup>), and an estimated 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> total AOO across the assessment region, the overall population is between 6,000 and 20,000 individuals, which is likely to be comprised of 3,960–13,200 mature (assuming that 66% of the population is mature, sensu Friedmann &amp; Daly 2004). At the very minimum, the AOO is 37,416 km<sup>2</sup> based on confirmed presence in national parks across South Africa (Table 2), which yields a population size of 1,122–3,742 individuals (741–2,470 mature). Thus, the estimated population size ranges from a minimum of 741 to a more likely 13,200 mature individuals. This range encompasses the previous assessment estimate of 4,000 individuals (2,600 mature) using the same area estimate and assuming a 50 km<sup>2</sup> home range for breeding pairs (Friedmann &amp; Daly 2004). Further density estimates, both inside and outside protected areas, are required to more systematically estimate population size.<br/><br/>We suspect that the population is stable or increasing given the stable or increasing AOO of the species since the last assessment. Additionally, retaliatory killings from beekeepers have declined since 2001 (Irlich &amp; Davies-Mostert 2009; EWT unpubl. data). Although Honey Badgers may be experiencing local declines outside of protected areas due to accidental persecution or from roads, in some cases the reverse is true. For example, SANParks has found more animals outside of the Agulhas National Park than inside. It is thought that there may be better scavenging opportunities on farms than in the park.

Bibliography

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1965. Odonata from Luanda and the Lucala River, Angola. Revista de Biologia, Lisboa. 5:159-164

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Martens, A., Jödicke, R. and Suhling, F. 2003. Annotated checklist of the Odonata of Namibia. Cimbebasia. 18:139-160

BOOK SECTION
Geene, R. 1994. Notes on dragonflies in Egypt, spring 1990. Edited by P.L. Meininger and G.A.M. Atta. Ornithological studies in Egyptian wetlands 1989/1990. Foundation for Ornithological Researech in Egypt

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Katbeh-Bader, A., Amr, Z. and Schneider, W. 2002. Odonata of Jordan. Fragmenta entomologica, Roma. 34:147-170

Part(s) of plant used Use(s) Reference

Coming soon...