PLANTAE / PHANEROGAMAE / ANTHOPHYTA / LAMIALES / LAMIACEAE / NEPETOIDEAE / OCIMEAE / ORTHOSIPHON / SUFFRUTESCENS

Orthosiphon suffrutescens (Thonn.) J.K.Morton
NE Indigenous
Morphological description

Herb, branching at or near the base, 0.15-0.6 m tall; stems semi-woody pubescent, with short simple and multicellular hairs, often glabrescent. Leaves petiolate; blade thin-textured, ovate to broadly ovate, 15-40(-50) x 10-30 mm, subglabrous to pubescent, under-surface with pale brownish gland-dots, apex acute to obtuse, base truncate to abruptly cuneate, margin subentire to sparingly serrate-dentate; petiole 5-25 mm long. Inflorescence simple, 40-150 mm long; verticils 2-6-flowered, 10-20 mm apart; bracts subrotund, abruptly acuminate, 2.5-3 mm long. Calyx 7-9 mm long at fruiting stage, pubescent. Corolla white to mauve; tube 6-7 mm long, straight; upper lip erect, 3-3.5 mm long; lower lip concave, 4-5.5 mm long. Stamens exserted from the throat by 2 mm; upper 2 filaments attached 1.5-2 mm from the throat, glabrous. Stigma thickened, minutely bifid. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 36. Orthosiphon. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 229-236. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Distribution

Found in dry, wooded country in Botswana, Transvaal, Swaziland, Natal and Transkei; extends through east tropical Africa to Ethiopia and Sudan. From: Codd, LEW. 1985. Lamiaceae: 36. Orthosiphon. In: OA Leistner (ed.). Fl. S. Africa 28(4): 229-236. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria. [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/209555#page/9/mode/1up] [CC BY]

Altitude

20 to 1405 m

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

Residence status

Occurrence in the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) countries and South African provinces. Residence status indicates if a taxon is indigenous, endemic, naturalised or invasive in a specific region. This data is based on specimen records and literature

FSA

SA

BOT

NAM

ESW

LES

WC

EC

NC

FS

GA

KZN

LP

MP

NW

Absent

Indigenous

Endemic

Naturalised

Invasive

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Names and Sources

Accepted name
Orthosiphon suffrutescens (Thonn.) J.K.Morton
Synonym(s)

Ocimum suffrutescens Thonn.


Orthosiphon australis Vatke


Orthosiphon glabratus Benth.


Orthosiphon glabratus Benth. var. africanus Benth.


Orthosiphon inconcinnus Briq.


Orthosiphon wilmsii Gurke var. komghensis N.E.Br.


Classification

KINGDOM Plantae

SUBKINGDOM Phanerogamae

PHYLUM Anthophyta

ORDER Lamiales

FAMILY Lamiaceae

SUBFAMILY Nepetoideae

TRIBE Ocimeae

GENUS Orthosiphon

SPECIES suffrutescens

161 results for Orthosiphon suffrutescens (Thonn.) J.K.Morton

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Specimen records

Barcode: PRE0136826-0 Collector(s) & number: Venter, HJT, 3715 | 1967-5-31

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, NOGEYA; UMHLATUZI VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135784-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Schijff, HP, 1205 | 1952-11-8

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; PRETORIUSKOP; SEEKOEIGAT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0541779-0 Collector(s) & number: Hansen, OJ, 3517 | 1978-10-31

Botswana, GABORONE DIST.; KHALE; NR. ST. JOSEPHS COLLEGE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0012476-0 Collector(s) & number: Medley-Wood, J, 4963 | 1893-10-5

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Camperdown

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136824-0 Collector(s) & number: Vahrmeijer, J(H), 1622 | 1968-2-21

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, NYAMENI; LAKE SIBAYI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0132092-0 Collector(s) & number: Ngwenya, AM, 2873 | 2004-12-7

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Ingwavuma District. Jozini Municipality Area, Ward 14. Enkungwini Village c.100m from Border Cave Camp Site.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136820-0 Collector(s) & number: Hitchins, PM, 305 | 1967-11-23

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, AMANZIMHLOPE; CORRIDOR

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136815-0 Collector(s) & number: Bourquin, O, 519A | 1965-10-1

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLUHLUWE GAME RES.; MAKHOKHOBA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0780113-0 Collector(s) & number: Glen, HF, 2732 | 1991-8-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, MTUBATUBA; LAKE FUTULULU; OVERLOOKING WESTERN SHORE AT EDGE OF CLEARING AROUND TRAIL HUT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136833-0 Collector(s) & number: Flanagan, HG, 477 | 1889-11-

South Africa, Eastern Cape, NEAR KOMGA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0620897-0 Collector(s) & number: Mogg, AOD, 9936 | 1914-6-10

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA; WONDERBOOMPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0102421 Collector(s) & number: Bodenstein, J, 487 | 1987-10-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Tembe Elephant Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0705230-0 Collector(s) & number: Braun, KP, 315 | 1987-1-1

Eswatini, MLAWULA NAT. RES.; ROAD NEAR RIVER BEFORE RAILWAY BRIDGE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136788-0 Collector(s) & number: Leendertz, R, 1439 | 1909-1-

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135775-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 8436 | 1954-2-19

South Africa, Mpumalanga, GROBLERSDAL DIST.; LOSKOP DAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0764925-0 Collector(s) & number: Camilleu, M, M.C. 1 | 2004-4-15

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Groblersdal District. Kalkfontein Farm.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0079135 Collector(s) & number: Schrire, BD, 1616 | 1983-11-9

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, White Umfolozi Bridge before Ulundi.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0732533-0 Collector(s) & number: Theron, AS, 69 | 1988-1-18

South Africa, Limpopo, VAALWATER; EMAWENI GAME LODGE; TAFELKOP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0143744-0 Collector(s) & number: Naicker, K, 23 | 2016-11-17

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, North Uthungulu District, Ndomo[Ndumo] Game Reserve.

General notes: No pollinators present. Scent evident.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0102920 Collector(s) & number: Van Wyk, AE, 8174 | 1987-9-18

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Inanda District, Matabetule Plateau. Mzinyati Nature Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0579005-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 5750 | 1998-11-1

South Africa, Limpopo, Near confluence of the Mutale and Tshirovha Rivers.

General notes: Savanna. Mixed Riparian woodland. Valley. Soil. Well drained. Sandy loam. Sandstone. Partial shade. No slope. Erect bushy herb, 60 - 70 cm tall. White flowers. Fruit absent. Occasional.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136811-0 Collector(s) & number: Scott-Smith, DP, 32 | 1962-10-24

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135772-0 Collector(s) & number: Bolus, H, 11011 | 1904-2-

South Africa, Limpopo, PIETERSBURG DIST.; POTGIETERSRUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0104943 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 2449 | 1988-11-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Ndumo Game Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0674467-0 Collector(s) & number: Reid, C, 869 | 1985-1-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PIETERMARITZBURG D.; BISLEY VALLEY.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136804-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 2276 | 1954-3-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0860311-0 Collector(s) & number: McMurtry, DM, 13109 | 2006-11-20

South Africa, Mpumalanga, South of Hazyview. On road to Numbi. Just east of Bongani Hospital.

General notes: Growing in grassy, sparse woodland on granite. Small leafy herb with stems reaching ± 300 mm tall from a perennial root. Flowers white or palest pink with smudged raspberry-purple markings. Conf. J.J. Meyer

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0129645-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 13606 | 1996-2-2

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Coast: Umzinto District. North of Dududu: Mkhomazi River Valley. Just upriver of Ngwadini River Confluence.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0699933-0 Collector(s) & number: Moll, EJ, 4116 | 1969-10-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, 5 miles from Ingwavuma/Ndumu.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0701047-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 31020 | 1961-11-10

Eswatini, HLATIKULU DIST.; GOLLEL DIST.; 16 KM W OF GOLLEL. BUSHY PLACE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0110210 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 4549 | 1989-10-24

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Umtamvuna. Down stream from Gun Drift, vicinity of Pondo Monument.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0701048-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 31977 | 1964-2-26

Eswatini, STEGI DIST.; BLUE JAY RANCH

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136799-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 30798 | 1961-10-12

Eswatini, STEGI DIST.; MALINDA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136803-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 8604 | -3-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, WEENEN DIST.; MUDEN; 1 MI. W. OF MUDEN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136810-0 Collector(s) & number: Tinley, KL, 588 | 1960-2-19

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135788-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Schijff, HP, 2040 | 1952-12-10

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; PRETORIUSKOP; SABIE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0839376-0 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, A 10712 | 1944-10-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Weenen County: Weenen Veld Reserve. On old land in kloof.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0100663 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 1691 | 1986-11-16

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Tembe Elephant Park.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0235471-0 Collector(s) & number: Vahrmeijer, J(H), 1914 | 1969-4-4

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, GWALAWENI FOR

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0119828 Collector(s) & number: Von Fintel, M, 86 | 1995-11-11

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Nkwaleni Valley, Mfule Ranch.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135794-0 Collector(s) & number: Cole, DT, 850 | 1969-12-15

South Africa, North West, MARICO DIST.; NIETVERDIEND

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0576505-0 Collector(s) & number: Germishuizen, G, 9992 | 1999-12-4

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Thanda-Nani Game Reserve. ± 10 km from Hectorspruit on road to Malelane.

General notes: Savanna. Bushveld. Valley. Sand. S aspect. Moderate slope. Slender, erect annual herb from woody rootstock. Flowers lilac. Locally abundant. Dry river valley - in shade.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136821-0 Collector(s) & number: Moll, EJ, 4116 | 1969-10-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, 5 MI. FROM INGWAVUMA AND NDUMU

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0732830-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Meulen, F, 793 | 1976-2-17

South Africa, North West, RUSTENBURG DIST.; BOSPOORTDAM; C. 15 KM N OF RUSTENBURG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0868902-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 6412 | 2006-1-14

South Africa, Gauteng, Pretroia. Christiaanville/Montana Agricultural holdings area. Almost at northern end of Veronica Street.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0059756 Collector(s) & number: Harrison, ER, 102 | 1967-9-12

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Hlabisa. Palm Ridge Farm.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135791-0 Collector(s) & number: Theiler, AC, TRV 12363 | 1912-10-4

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA; ONDERSTEPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0865032-0 Collector(s) & number: Komape, DM, DM36 | 2013-2-13

South Africa, Limpopo, Phalaborwa. Lulekani.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0860310-0 Collector(s) & number: McMurtry, DM, 13125 | 2006-11-28

South Africa, Mpumalanga, South of Malelane. East of Spargo Dam. Dumanei Private Game Reserve.

General notes: Growing in grassy mixed bushveld. Small herb with stems ± 200 mm tall from a perennial root. Flowers white, marked reddish-purple. Conf. J.J. Meyer 30.1.2009.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136809-0 Collector(s) & number: Tinley, KL, 590 | 1960-2-19

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136783-0 Collector(s) & number: Repton, JE, 3328 | 1947-2-23

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; PIENAARS RIVER; SWING BRIDGE 17 MI. NE. OF PRETORIA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0705879-0 Collector(s) & number: Steyn, E, 75 | 1986-9-1

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DAKUDUKU STATE FOR.; DAKU AIRSTRIP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0104907 Collector(s) & number: Strever, T, 161 | 1988-3-2

South Africa, Eastern Cape, Sipetu. On archaeological Stie at Annesville.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0485271-0 Collector(s) & number: Culverwell, J, 262 | 1976-11-7

Eswatini, LUBOMBO MTS.; UPPER NKUMBANE FOR.; MLAWULA FARM BELOW W. EDGE OF MT. NR. CYRILDENE FENCE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0120081 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 6472 | 1994-11-4

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Hluhluwe, Zulu Nyala- Umzinene Estates, recently a farm, all of it si disturbed to some extent.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0699930 Collector(s) & number: Downing, 532 | 1969-3-18

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Tobothi Umfolosi GR.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0073815 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 179 | 1981-12-3

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Santa Suzanne Sanctuary, Ncemane Area.

General notes: Most herbs in flower.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136806-0 Collector(s) & number: Repton, JE, 1195 | 1938-1-2

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UMSINGA DIST.; MUDEN VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136832-0 Collector(s) & number: Stirton, CH, 352 | 1973-10-23

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PIETERMARITZBURG DIS; BISLEY VALLEY HOUSING SCEME BEHIND ORIBIAIRPORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0078627 Collector(s) & number: Repton, JE, 1195 | 1938-1-2

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Muden Valley.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0864148-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 12193 | 2014-11-16

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Barberton District; ca. 12 km ENE of Hectorspruit. Farm: Vyeboom 414.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0485273-0 Collector(s) & number: Culverwell, J, 394 | 1976-11-28

Eswatini, SOUTHERN NKUMBANE VA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0860056-0 Collector(s) & number: van Coller, H, 4401 | 2010-12-3

South Africa, Mpumalanga, Kruger National Park. Nkhuhlu Exclosures, Skukuza, Sabie River.

General notes: Voucher specimen for Nkuhlu Exclosure plant diversity study.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0785406-0 Collector(s) & number: Goldblatt, P, 8526 | 1987-11-1

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Port Shepstone. Harding-Port Edward road. ca 5km S of Hluku turnoff.

General notes: Soft perennial. Pink flowers.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136825-0 Collector(s) & number: Hitchins, PM, 462 | 1971-10-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLUHLUWE GAME RES.; NYIMANE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0116369 Collector(s) & number: Glen, HF, 2732 | 1991-8-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Hlabisa District. Mtubatuba. Overlooking W shore of Lake Futululu.

General notes: Frequent on edge of clearing.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0878745-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 16830 | 2021-11-16

South Africa, Gauteng, Wonderboom District. Annlin, directly W of Wonderboom Airport. 25°39'15.63'S 28°12'10.67'E.

General notes: Det. conf. by LE Makwarela on 17/01/2022.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0142420-0 Collector(s) & number: Magubane, MM, 1392 | 2006-11-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, KZN, Ezinqoleni, c2km from the East of Sunshine Supermarket, Nyuswa.

General notes: Zulu Botanical Knowledge Project. Zulu name: ujikanelangomncane.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135787-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Schijff, HP, 1597 | 1953-1-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; NUMBI; ROBIN SPRUIT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136797-0 Collector(s) & number: Carter, J, 935 | 1970-2-2

South Africa, North West, MARICO DIST.; ROODERAND FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136822-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholson, HB, 953 | 1970-10-24

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UMZIMKULU RIVER; BELOW GIBRALTAR ROCK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136976-0 Collector(s) & number: Carter, J, 941 | --

South Africa, North West, MARICO DIST.; ROOIKOPPIES-FONTEIN FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0705242-0 Collector(s) & number: Braun, KP, 300 | 1986-12-10

Eswatini, MLAWULA NAT. RES.; CYRILDENE, C THIRD OF WAY FROM GOBA ROAD, JUST OUTSIDE FENCE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136802-0 Collector(s) & number: Wood, JM, 11972 | 1911-11-18

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, CAMPERDOWN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0748315-0 Collector(s) & number: van Dam, G, PRE60136 | 1922-12-

South Africa, Limpopo, PILGRIMS REST.; SIKORORA; NEAR MACOUTSIE RIVER

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0574992-0 Collector(s) & number: Glen, HF, 3913 | 1999-5-12

South Africa, Limpopo, Ngulumbi: Phiphidi Falls: Below main falls on Umtshindudi River.

General notes: Only one seen.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136813-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, CJ, 2275 | 1954-3-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136805-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 9370 | 1955-3-16

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, IXOPO DIST.; 20 MI. N. OF HIGHFLATS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136816-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 9621 | 1956-4-13

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLABISA DIST.; MTUBATUBA; 10 MI. NW. OF MTUBATUBA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0572307-0 Collector(s) & number: Jacobsen, NHG, 5081 | 1996-2-13

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Ahrens District: Situndu on Mvoti River.

General notes: Mixed woodland along spurs leading to Mvoti River. Gravel soil. On steep S.-facing slopes. Herb. ± 75 - 90 cm tall. White flowers. Common locally, in more open areas.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136787-0 Collector(s) & number: Burtt Davy, J, 1744 | 1904-3-7

South Africa, Mpumalanga, SPRINGBOK FLATS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135774-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 8154 | 1953-12-8

South Africa, Mpumalanga, BARBERTON DIST.; 8 MI. N. OF BARBERTON

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135790-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 8974 | 1955-1-10

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST DIST.; 5 MI. E. OF POTGIETERSRUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0122800-0 Collector(s) & number: Tomlinson, IR, 14 | 1991-10-13

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Acacia woodland, outside Pietermaritzburg.

General notes: Flower colour - white. Plant height - 17cm+. Flowers whorled at nodes. Acacia woodland competing with grasses.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136831-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholson, HB, 1404 | 1974-3-5

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, IZINGOLWENI; HORSESHOE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0701045-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 29444 | 1959-11-13

Eswatini, HLATIKULU DIST.; INGWAVUMA POORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136829-0 Collector(s) & number: Nel, MDS, 147 | 1972-1-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PONGOLA BUSHVELD FAR

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0776542-0 Collector(s) & number: Williams, R, 580 | 1989-11-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, KAISHA; RIVER MAN CAMP; ADJACENT TO TUGELA RIVER

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135782-0 Collector(s) & number: Schlechter, FRR, 11755 | 1897-12-15

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KOMATIPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136781-0 Collector(s) & number: Rogers, FA, 25044 | 1921-12-

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KAAPMUIDEN

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136818-0 Collector(s) & number: Chetty, D, 30 | 1965-7-22

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DURBAN DIST.; RESERVOIR HILLS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0100441 Collector(s) & number: Steyn, E, 75 | 1986-9-1

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Dukuduku State Forst. Duku airstrip.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE1010086-0 Collector(s) & number: Panagos, M.D., PAN0154 | 2018-2-12

South Africa, Limpopo, Mooiplaas. Mopani EBP. Tenzi Rep., Feb B3.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0080302 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 791 | 1984-8-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Tembe Elephant Park.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0537368-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholson, HB, 1810 | 1977-11-1

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, IZINGOLWENI; HORSESHOE DAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0537570-0 Collector(s) & number: Viljoen, G, 20 | 1978-11-15

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KROKODILPOORT; 30 KM. FROM NELSPRUIT NEXT TO HIGHWAY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136795-0 Collector(s) & number: Leendertz, R, 4175(TRV11524) | 1912-1-

South Africa, North West, ZEERUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135792-0 Collector(s) & number: Theron, GK, 2032 | 1968-12-7

South Africa, Mpumalanga, RENOSTERHOEK; LOSKOP DAM NAT. RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0801384-0 Collector(s) & number: Wager, HA, PRE59501 | 1923-1-

South Africa, Limpopo, TZANEEN DIST; WOODBUSH

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136798-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 31002 | 1961-11-9

Eswatini, HLATIKULU DIST.; GOLELA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0238509-0 Collector(s) & number: Zambatis, N, 414 | 1973-11-6

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KLASERIE RIVER; RIVERINE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136800-0 Collector(s) & number: Moll, EJ, 2000 | 1965-9-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, INANDA DIST.; VERULAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135780-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 5204 | 1949-2-23

South Africa, Mpumalanga, NELSPRUIT DIST.; KRUGER NAT. PARK; 17 MI. NE. OF PRETORIUS KOP ON R. TO SKUKUZA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135779-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 5059 | 1949-2-6

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; SKUKUZA; 5 MI. NE. OF SKUKUZA ON TSHOKWANE RD.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0545061-0 Collector(s) & number: Tolken, HR, 5802 | 1978-11-29

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, ZULULAND; LEBOMBO MTS.; 1 KM. N. OF JOSINI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136823-0 Collector(s) & number: Downing, BH, 432 | 1969-3-18

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, UMFOLOZI GAME RES.; THOBOTI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136790-0 Collector(s) & number: Comins, DM, 903 | 1954-12-13

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST DIST.; NABOOMSPRUIT; 8 MI. FROM NABOOMSPRUIT ON CRECY RD.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0766515-0 Collector(s) & number: Abbott, ATD, 7718 | 2000-5-31

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Umtamvuna River Valley. North of the Pondo Memorial.

General notes: Under Coddia rudis growing on termitaria. Forb with white to mauve flowers.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136796-0 Collector(s) & number: Theron, GK, 1077 | 1967-1-10

South Africa, Mpumalanga, LOSKOP DAM NATURE RESERVE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0543427-0 Collector(s) & number: Peeters, GG, 627 | 1978-1-5

South Africa, North West, BOPHUTHATSWANA; PILANESBERG; MT. SLOPE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135776-0 Collector(s) & number: Leach, LC, 11562 | 1962-12-21

South Africa, Limpopo, LETABA DIST.; GRAVELOTTE; 3 MI. S. OF GRAVELOTTE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0145596-0 Collector(s) & number: Siebert, SJ, 231 | 2010-5-11

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, Makhathini, Jozini Irrigation Scheme.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0515693-0 Collector(s) & number: Germishuizen, G, 115 | 1977-2-19

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KOMATIPOORT; IN TOWN OPEN AREA

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136812-0 Collector(s) & number: Marais, W, 833 | 1955-3-22

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, CAMPERDOWN; 3.6 MI. N. OF MAIN DBN PIETERMRTBRG RD ON NAGLE DAM TURNOFF

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136827-0 Collector(s) & number: Nel, MDS, 167 | 1972-1-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PONGOLA BUSHVELD FAR

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136793-0 Collector(s) & number: Louw, WJ, 628 | 1939-12-31

South Africa, North West, MARICO; LEKKERLACH

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135783-0 Collector(s) & number: Porter, RN, 268 | 1970-2-17

South Africa, Transvaal, MORGENZON; TIMBAVATI GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0486066-0 Collector(s) & number: Bredenkamp, GJ, 1780 | 1977-3-17

South Africa, Limpopo, PILGRIMS REST DIST.; MANYELETI GAME RES; ALBATROS KOPPIE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0878763-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 16827 | 2021-11-16

South Africa, Gauteng, Wonderboom District. SW border of Onderstepoort Nature Reserve. 25°37'48.29'S 28°07'04.48'E.

General notes: Det. conf. by LE Makwarela on 17/1/2022.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0104575 Collector(s) & number: Russell, J, 30 | 1988-9-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Ecology Education Unit. Valley Trust, Botha's Hill.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0485272-0 Collector(s) & number: Culverwell, J, 106 | 1976-5-23

Eswatini, LUBOMBO MTS.; UPPER NKUMBANE FOR.; MLAWULA FARM BELOW W. EDGE OF MT. NR. CYRILDENE FENCE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0699931 Collector(s) & number: Nel, MDS, 147 | --

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Pongola Bosveldplaas.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135773-0 Collector(s) & number: Burke, 162 | --

South Africa, North West, MAGALIESBERG, CROCODILE RIVER.

General notes: Isotype.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0880625-0 Collector(s) & number: Bester, SP, 16628 | 2021-10-28

South Africa, Gauteng, Wonderboom District. Rosslyn Industrial Area. 25°36'32.07'S 28°04'23.10'E.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135777-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 4695 | 1948-11-4

South Africa, Limpopo, NAT. KRUGER PARK; LETABA; 3.5 MI. W. OF LETABA CAMP

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0707316-0 Collector(s) & number: Alward, RD, 113 | 1987-4-3

Eswatini, MLAWULA NAT. RESERVE; NEAR MKUMBANE POOLS

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136978-0 Collector(s) & number: Wild, H, 7289 | 1965-3-24

Botswana, SOUTH-EASTERN DIST.; 60 KM. NW. OF SEROWE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0699932 Collector(s) & number: Nel, MDS, 167 | --

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Pongola Bosveldplaas.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136801-0 Collector(s) & number: McClean, APD, 137 | 1926-3-7

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DRUMMOND DIST.; BOTHA'S HILL

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0663318-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 791 | 1984-8-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, INGWAVUMA DISTRICT; MAPUTOLAND; TEMBE ELEPHANT PARK

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0699937 Collector(s) & number: Strey, RG, 9807 | 1970-5-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Josini.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0533212-0 Collector(s) & number: Barrett, SCH, 109 | 1969-10-30

Eswatini, TSHANENI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136807-0 Collector(s) & number: Munro, HK, 244 | 1941-5-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, DUKUDUKU FOR.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135795-0 Collector(s) & number: Dahlstrand, KA, 1989 | 1967-1-28

South Africa, Limpopo, PIENAARS RIVER; 5 MI. N. OF PIENAARS RIVER

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0732815-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Meulen, F, 199 | 1975-2-24

South Africa, North West, MARICO; NOOITGEDACHT; C. 12 KM NE OF ZEERUST ON ENZELSBERG ROAD NEAR VALLEY BOTTOM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0110158 Collector(s) & number: Greene, TR, 323 | 1989-11-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Tugela below Weenen.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136792-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 9216 | 1955-1-18

South Africa, North West, RUSTENBURG DIST.; ROODEWAL FARM 15 MI. N. OF RUSTENBURG

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136830-0 Collector(s) & number: Nicholson, HB, 1385 | 1974-1-15

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, IZINGOLWENI; HORSESHOE DAM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136828-0 Collector(s) & number: Nel, MDS, 256 | 1972-1-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, PONGOLA BUSHVELD FAR

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0116317 Collector(s) & number: Williams, R, 580 | 1989-11-14

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Kaisha, River Man Camp.

General notes: Infrequent.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0701046-0 Collector(s) & number: Compton, RH, 31028 | 1961-11-10

Eswatini, HLATIKULU DIST.; INGWAVUMA RIVER; CAUSEWAY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0801186-0 Collector(s) & number: Theiler, AC, PRE 59472 | 1913-1-18

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; ONDERSTEPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136794-0 Collector(s) & number: Thode, A1487 | 1927-12-

South Africa, North West, MARICO DIST.; ZEERUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0102195 Collector(s) & number: Ngwenya, AM, 437 | 1987-10-22

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Matabetule Plateau, Inanda.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136791-0 Collector(s) & number: Thode, A1761 | 1928-12-

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135789-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Schijff, HP, 725 | 1952-8-20

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; NUMBI

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0860304-0 Collector(s) & number: McMurtry, DM, 13134 | 2006-12-9

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, North of Eshowe. On road from Melmoth. West of and below the Mandawe Cross.

General notes: Growing in grass in dense Acacia-Euphorbia tirucalli bushveld. Herb with stems reaching ± 350 mm tall, from a perennial root. Flowers pale soft pink, marked red. Conf. J.J. Meyer 30.1.2009.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136784-0 Collector(s) & number: Schlechter, FRR, 3728 | 1893-11-17

South Africa, Gauteng, NIEUWERUST

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136814-0 Collector(s) & number: Wearne, WD, 53 | 1965-11-

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, HLUHLUWE GAME RES.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0801199-0 Collector(s) & number: Theiler, AC, 9559 | 1912-11-7

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST; ONDERSTEPOORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: NH0035863 Collector(s) & number: Acocks, JPH, 10712 | 1944-10-27

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Weenen Veld Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0732449-0 Collector(s) & number: Ward, MC, 2449 | 1988-11-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, NDUMO GAME RESERVE

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0634134-0 Collector(s) & number: Zambatis, N, 1197 | 1981-6-20

South Africa, Limpopo, TIMBAVATI NAT. RES.; KAMPIANA 90 KU FARM

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0860308-0 Collector(s) & number: McMurtry, DM, 13129 | 2006-11-28

South Africa, Mpumalanga, South of Kaapmuiden. On road to Barberton. Pettigrew Neck.

General notes: Growing in dry, stony mixed bushveld. Herb with stems reaching ± 300 mm tall from a perennial root. Flowers white marked raspberry red. Conf. J.J. Meyer 30.1.2009.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0984905-0 Collector(s) & number: Nkuna, LA, 2889 | 2013-12-20

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Izingolweni area near Lake Eland Nature Reserve.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0584106-0 Collector(s) & number: Steyn, HM, 321 | 2002-11-22

Eswatini, Lubombo District: 3km past Siteki turn-off on M16 North.

General notes: Savanna. Plain. Soil. Well-drained. Sandy clay. Partial shade. Slope: none. Biotic effect: grazed. Herb, .25m high. Flowers present.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135781-0 Collector(s) & number: Codd, LEW, 5038 | 1949-2-5

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; SKUKUZA; 10 MI. E. OF SKUKUZA ON LOWER SABI RD.

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136789-0 Collector(s) & number: Meeuse, ADJ, 10145 | 1957-4-1

South Africa, Limpopo, POTGIETERSRUST DIST.; 1 MI. FROM POTGIETERSRUST ON RD. TO MOORDDRIFT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0613090-0 Collector(s) & number: Stirton, CH, 5096 | 1975-10-8

South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, MUDEN; 4 KM FROM MUDEN TO KEATES DRIFT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0135786-0 Collector(s) & number: Van der Schijff, HP, 3222 | 1953-11-16

South Africa, Mpumalanga, KRUGER NAT. PARK; OKAVANGO VALLEY

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Barcode: PRE0136782-0 Collector(s) & number: Mogg, AOD, PRE 9936 | 1914-1-10

South Africa, Gauteng, PRETORIA DIST.; WONDERBOOM POORT

Data Resource: BODATSA View record

Plant occurence records per dataset

Plant occurence records per year

Occurrence records map

This map contains point-based occurrences at different locations

iNaturalist: BODATSA: Data partners records:

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 1. Ajuga Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)7-8

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

1985

FLORA CHAPTER

Lamiaceae: 36. Orthosiphon Codd, LEW

In: OA Leistner (ed.). Flora of Southern Africa 28(4)229-236

Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Pretoria

No results found for Orthosiphon suffrutescens (Thonn.) J.K.Morton

Status

Global

Status and criteria

NE

Assessment date

2016-01-14

Assessor(s)

Plantae Coordinator

Distribution

Range

This species ranges from the northern region of South Africa northwards to southern Sudan and Ethiopia, and westwards into northern Namibia and southern Angola (Hack et al. 2002). Historically, Plains Zebra exhibited a much broader range across the African continent, and fossil remains have been discovered from North Africa (Churcher &amp; Richardson 1978). More recently, Plains Zebra ranged throughout eastern and southern Africa, with only the exception of the forest belts of Uganda (Duncan 1992), and extended southwards across the Orange and Vaal Rivers in South Africa to the Cape, with the subspecies <em>E</em>. <em>q</em>. <em>quagga</em>, which is now extinct (Groves &amp; Bell 2004). The species is also now extinct in Burundi and Lesotho, and there remains a question over their presence in Angola.<br/><br/>Within the assessment region, the natural range of the Plains Zebra is found in the eastern Lowveld and the KwaZulu-Natal lowlands, and into the Northern Cape. Subpopulations have been widely reintroduced across their natural range, for example, in North West Province where they once occurred throughout the province (du Plessis 1969; Rautenbach 1982; Power 2014). A migratory subpopulation exists in the KNP; however, most other populations do not have sufficient area in which to migrate seasonally. Subpopulations of the species have been introduced into areas outside of its natural range. The Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area (between South Africa, Botswana and Zimbabwe) also supports a subpopulation, and approximately 300 individuals are within the Botswana section.

Habitat and ecology

Major system

Terrestrial

Major habitats

With the exception of a few extreme environments, such as deserts, dune forests and rain forests, Plains Zebra thrive across a broad range of habitats in Africa within both tropical and temperate climates (Duncan 1992; Hack et al. 2002; Stuart &amp; Stuart 2007). From sea level to elevations of 4,300 m on Mount Kenya, Plains Zebra utilise open grasslands, as well as savanna woodland (Duncan 1992). In southern Ethiopia, Plains Zebra revealed a distinct preference for open grassland habitats, and habitat preference showed seasonal variability (Regassa &amp; Yirga 2013). The dietary flexibility and its tolerance for highly fibrous grass material are the factors considered to contribute to the Plains Zebra’s broad geographic range (Schulz &amp; Kaiser 2013).<br/><br/>Sward height largely affects Plains Zebra feeding patterns and, in northern Botswana, once grass height had declined to 20 cm, they moved off in pursuit of taller grasses (Joos-Vandewalle 2000). In the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park Zebra foraged on a range of grasses, but again, in grazing lawns of <em>Digitaria argyograpta</em>, <em>Urochloa mosambicensis</em> and <em>Sporobolus nitens</em>, they limited their grazing to grass swards with a height of at least 20 cm (Arsenault &amp; Owen-Smith 2008). Within medium-tall bunch-grasslands comprised of <em>Themeda triandra</em>, <em>Cymbopogon plurinodis</em> and <em>Heteropogon contortus</em>, they selected for grass swards at least 10 cm tall (Arsenault &amp; Owen-Smith 2008). The availability of water directly influences their movements and habitat selection (Estes 1991; Duncan 1992; Skinner &amp; Chimimba 2005). A migratory subpopulation in Tanzania congregates in the Serengeti Plains during the rainy season (November to May), but migrates north-westwards during the dry season, and into Kenya’s Maasai-Mara National Reserve (Hack et al. 2002). A recent study in Namibia and Botswana described a formerly unknown migration of <em>Equus quagga</em> from the Chobe River (border of Botswana and Namibia) to Nxai Pan National Park (Botswana) (Naidoo et al. 2016). The round-trip migration covers a straight-line distance of 500 km, which is longer than the seasonal migratory movement of Blue Wildebeest (<em>Connochaetes taurinus</em>) from the Serengeti to the Maasai-Mara in East Africa (Naidoo et al. 2016). In fact, Naidoo et al. (2016) suggest that this is the longest of all documented migrations by large mammals in Africa. Within the assessment region, fences surrounding protected areas predominantly inhibit the migration of the Plains Zebra, with the exception of Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park and Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area between Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.<br/><br/>Plains Zebra are gregarious and highly social, forming herds comprised of one dominant stallion, several females and their offspring (Klingel 1969). Males without harems form unstable bachelor herds of up to 50 individuals or remain solitary (Klingel 1969; Hack et al. 2002). Breeding in the Plains Zebra is not considered seasonal, as young are born throughout the year (Klingel 1969), however, a peak in births occurs between December and January, and the vast majority of foals are born during the summer months (Smuts 1976).<br/><strong><br/>Ecosystem and cultural services</strong>: As hindgut fermenters, Plains Zebra process their food at a faster rate than ruminants. To compensate, they eat more bulk, including vegetation that is too fibrous and low in protein for most ruminants to digest effectively. Resultantly, they have the ability to survive on poor quality vegetation providing it is abundant. Additionally, Zebra have a low relative muzzle width index, better suited for foraging in taller grass (Arsenault &amp; Owen-Smith 2008). By feeding on taller grass they can facilitate the grazing of other herbivores that require shorter grazing grass.<br/><br/>Plains Zebra have aided livestock farmers in reducing the predation pressure of dogs and jackals on livestock calves, because Zebra chase and deter these predators. Thus, farmers keep small herds of Zebras on their properties for this reason (K. Stears, unpublished data).<br/><br/>Finally, as a highly charismatic and extremely visible species, the Plains Zebra is a powerful attraction for ecotourism and a valuable species for international support of wildlife and ecosystem conservation.

Threats

Across much of eastern Africa, habitat encroachment by cattle threatens the forage quality and quantity of Plains Zebra while illegal hunting can cause local declines (Hofer et al. 1996; Grange et al. 2004, 2015; Regassa & Yirga 2013). As a result, Regassa and Yira (2013) suggested the implementation of effective management policies to combat illegal settlements and encroachment by humans in the Yabello Wildlife Sanctuary of southern Ethiopia. Within the assessment region, this species is mostly restricted to protected areas; therefore, these threats are unlikely to become a major problem, although localised problems with poaching do occur in protected areas, such as in Borakalalo Nature Reserve, North West Province (Nel 2015). Constrained movements do, however, increase the species’ vulnerability to drought (Walker et al. 1987; Georgiadis et al. 2003). This is particularly true within biomes most at risk to the effects of climate change, water scarcity and enhanced aridity. Subpopulations have shown increases and declines associated with high and low rainfall years, respectively (Gandiwa et al. 2016). Nonetheless, following population declines associated with drought years, Plains Zebra subpopulations have demonstrated fairly rapid recoveries in population abundance to levels above those prior to the drought (Hack et al. 2002). Thus, when provided with adequate habitat and protection from overhunting, the Plains Zebra is recognised as a relatively resilient species.

Equus q. antiquarum, previously considered a distinct subspecies, is currently included under the subspecies E. q. burchelli (Groves & Bell 2004). Occurring in a few isolated subpopulations in protected areas of KwaZulu-Natal, these subpopulations have been considered under threat from population isolation, and possibly the detrimental results of inbreeding (Bowland et al. 2001). Bowland et al. (2001) recognises the importance of improving management practices and the active translocation of small, isolated populations between protected areas in order to sustain genetic diversity and population viability. On the other hand, an important consideration is that the expansion of the species’ range through translocation could introduce new pathogens and parasites to populations without co-evolved resistance to them (Hack et al. 2002). Plains Zebra occur across a range of habitats, and it is probable that they have distinct adaptations to local conditions (Hack et al. 2002). Expanding its range through translocation from ecologically diverse regions may result in a decline in these particular adaptations. Consequently, the spatial scale, ecological conditions, genetics and resistance to diseases need to be considered before translocations occur. Similarly, while wildlife ranching is considered largely beneficial for Plains Zebra conservation in South Africa, and has effectively increased the extent and abundance of the species, some concern exists over the genetic implications of selective breeding for particular colour morphs and outbreeding depression caused by mixing subspecies. Further research is required to quantify this potential threat.

Population

Population trend

The Plains Zebra is common, widespread and amongst the most abundant of all grazing mammals in Africa, with a total population size of 663,212 individuals estimated in 2002 (Hack et al. 2002). Recent information regarding global overall population numbers is limited. However, during the previous decades, this species has been extirpated from portions of its range (Hack et al. 2002). Within the assessment region, the population is increasing, both on formally protected areas and the expansion of private wildlife ranches. For example, the subpopulation on Golden Gates Highlands National Park, Free State Province, has increased from 131 to 1,592 individuals between 1994 and 2016 (Bissett et al. 2016). Similarly, on Chelmsford Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal Province, the Plains Zebra population has increased from 97 to 876 individuals between 1986 and 2014 (KwaZulu-Natal Ezemvelo Wildlife unpubl. data). The generation length of the Plains Zebra has been calculated as 10 years (Pacifici et al. 2013), which makes the three generation window 30 years (1986–2016). While few long-term datasets area available to quantify the overall national population increase, nearly all protected areas show an increasing or stable trend.<br/><br/>Within South African National Parks, there are an estimated 31,948–46,237 (seven protected areas; 2010–2012 counts) individuals (Ferreira et al. 2013), with KNP containing the bulk of the population (29,161–43,450 individuals, estimated using distance sampling in 2012). Overall, there is a minimum estimate of 59,204 individuals on 803 protected areas and wildlife ranches across the country (2010–2015 counts; Endangered Wildlife Trust unpubl. data), which equates to 35,522–41,443 mature individuals assuming a 60–70% mature population structure. Thus, the wild population is well established and appears to be increasing. There are three main groups:<br/><ol><li><strong>Kruger National Park and the Associated Private Nature Reserves</strong>: The KNP is estimated to contain around 54–78% of the total the free-roaming population.</li><li><strong>Northern KwaZulu-Natal</strong>: The Plains Zebra population was estimated to comprise 12,166 individuals. However, these data do not represent the entire population within the province as they are limited to 22 Ezemvelo-KZN Wildlife protected areas and 31 private reserves. As a result, this value better represents a minimum population estimate.</li><li><strong>Limpopo, North West, and Northern Cape pr

Bibliography

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1967. Odonata of Ngamiland. Arnoldia. 15:1-17

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Pinhey, E. 1984. A check-list of the Odonata of Zimbabwe and Zambia. Smithersia. 3:1-64

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