a	Ovary with 1 ovule in each locule Fruit consisting of 2(1) ± ovoid cocci
	b	Ovary with 2-many ovules in each locule Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe

	a	Two lateral corolla lobes ascending and united with 2 posterior (upper) lobes to form a 4-lobed upper lip, anterior (lower) lobe aborted or reduced to a small tooth
	b	Corolla limb usually with a 1- or 2-lobed upper lip and 3-lobed lower lip, occasionally upper lip 4-lobed with one well-developed anterior lobe

	a	Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed or 5-toothed	Chenopodiopsis
	b	Calyx of 1 or 2 segments

	a	Calyx of 2 segments	Dischisma
	b	Calyx of 1 segment	Hebenstretia

	a	Ovary with 1 locule aborted or lacking an ovule
	b	Ovary bilocular with an ovule in each locule

	a	Corolla limb herbaceous, corolla tube funnel-shaped (caution: Selago luxurians may have only 1 fertile locule and such a corolla but it has no orange/yellow patch in corolla throat as has Globulariopsis )	Globulariopsis
	b	Corolla limb leathery, corolla tube long, cylindrical, expanding somewhat at top

	a	Calyx lobed at least halfway to base Bracts free from calyx	Gosela
	b	Calyx very shortly toothed Bracts adnate to at least part of calyx tube	Microdon

	a	Corolla limb always glabrous on inner surface
	b	Corolla limb with conspicuous 1-celled clavate hairs at base of upper lip, often all round mouth

	a	Bracts free from calyx Ovary ellipsoid to elongate Flowers sessile	Gosela
	b	Bracts usually adnate to pedicel and calyx tube, sometimes free from latter Ovary subglobose or ovoid Flowers sessile to petiolate	Selago

	a	Calyx divided more than halfway into 5 narrowly triangular lobes, becoming indurated (hardened) in most species	Pseudoselago
	b	Calyx divided much less than halfway (except sometimes the posterior lobe) into 3 or 5 lobes, at least the anterior pair broadly deltoid, never indurated	Cromidon

	a	Lobes of posterior (upper) corolla lip entirely or sometimes only partly interior in bud (covered by lobes of anterior lip) Many holoparasites or hemiparasites
	b	Lobes of posterior (upper) corolla lip exterior in bud (covering lobes of anterior lip) Herbs, undershrubs, or sometimes small trees

	a	Plants holoparasitic, lacking chlorophyll, or apparently so because of other colouring masking green colour Leaves scale- or bract-like or aborted
	b	Plants not apparently or actually holoparasitic, but often hemiparasitic Leaves with chlorophyll

	a	Flowers in dense, often subcorymbose to head-like spikes Corolla limb 3-lobed	Hyobanche
	b	Flowers usually in more lax racemes or spikes, sometimes dense above and lax below, rarely in dense heads Corolla limb 5- or 4-lobed

	a	Corolla tube bent abruptly above middle Anthers unithecate	Striga
	b	Corolla tube straight or somewhat curved but not abruptly bent as above Anthers bithecate but sometimes thecae unequal and one may be subobsolete

	a	Corolla distinctly bilabiate Ovary unilocular with parietal placentation Seeds subglobose	* Orobanche
	b	Corolla subregular to somewhat bilabiate Ovary bilocular with axile placentation Seeds linear, clavate or oblong

	a	Corolla yellow or orange with red or markedly darker veins Anther thecae equal or unequal, all fertile	Alectra
	b	Corolla variously coloured, if yellow, without darker veins Anther thecae unequal, one fertile, one barren or subobsolete	Harveya

	a	Calyx and corolla 4(5)-lobed, if 5-lobed then corolla subrotate and calyx not hairy inside
	b	Calyx with 5(4) lobes or teeth, if with 4 then calyx with 7, 8, 10 or 11 ribs or veins

	a	Stamens 2	Veronica
	b	Stamens 4

	a	Woody subshrubs Glabrous or minutely pubescent Corolla regular, rotate	* Scoparia
	b	Viscid-pubescent annuals Corolla bilabiate, almost personate	Bartsia

	a	Shrubs or subshrubs
	b	Herbs, often hemiparasitic

	a	Plants climbing Hemiparasitic Leaves petiolate	Buttonia
	b	Plants not climbing Not parasitic Leaves sessile

	a	Plants with branches opposite, spreading ± at right angles Flowers ebracteolate Corolla tube as long as calyx tube Anthers exserted	Hiernia
	b	Plants with branches not spreading ± at right angles Flowers bibracteolate Corolla tube longer than calyx tube Anthers included	Graderia

	a	Anthers with 2 fertile, equal, to somewhat unequal thecae
	b	Anthers unithecate or with 1 fertile theca and 1 variously modified theca

	a	Calyx enlarged and inflated in fruit	Melasma
	b	Calyx not enlarged and inflated in fruit

	a	Flowers yellow or orange, sessile or subsessile, in spikes or subspikes	Alectra
	b	Flowers shades of purple, violet or blue, pedicellate, in racemes, sometimes appearing cymose

	a	Short herbs (to ± 0.15 m) Stems ± decumbent, softly pilose Leaves broadly elliptical, petiolate Flowers bibracteolate Pedicels recurved in fruit	Charadrophila
	b	Tall herbs (0.35-0.8 m) Stems ± erect, hispid Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile Flowers ebracteolate Pedicels not recurved	Gerardiina

	a	Anthers bithecate, with 1 fertile theca and 1 narrow, sterile one Corolla subcampanulate	Sopubia
	b	Anthers all unithecate Corolla tube ± cylindrical or gradually widening above

	a	Corolla tube rather sharply curved at or above the middle and often dilated at the curve Anthers basifixed	Striga
	b	Corolla tube straight or sometimes slightly curved Anthers dorsifixed

	a	Flowers small, sessile or subsessile, usually in spikes or globose clusters Corolla lobes subequal, Ovary elliptical	Buchnera
	b	Flowers large, usually petiolate and in racemes (rarely sessile and in spikes) Corolla lobes unequal Ovary ovate, ovoid or globose

	a	Stamens didynamous, arising at 2 levels in corolla tube Style never exceeding lowest pair of stamens	Cycnium
	b	Stamens equal in length, arising at 1 level in corolla tube Style exceeding stamens	Rhamphicarpa

	a	Leaves alternate, very rarely opposite Corolla without pouches, pockets or spurs
	b	Leaves usually opposite at least near base, sometimes rosulate or verticillate, occasionally alternate above Corolla tube sometimes with pouches, pockets or spurs

	a	Corolla tube very short, narrow, or sometimes somewhat campanulate	* Verbascum
	b	Corolla tube elongated, comparatively broad with wide open throat

	a	Herbs erect Fertile stamens 2	Anticharis
	b	Low undershrubs or subherbaceous plants, erect to procumbent Stamens 4

	a	Capsules thick-walled, obovoid or ± globose to ovoid, compressed in upper part at right angles to septum, emarginate, opening only above Anthers of posterior pair of stamens smaller than others, sometimes empty (caution: 2 species of Aptosimum have Peliostomum-type fruits. See note under that genus.)	Aptosimum
	b	Capsules thin-walled, narrowly elongate-ovoid, acute, acuminate or obtusely pointed, opening ± down to base All 4 anthers fertile and of ± equal size	Peliostomum

	a	Corolla with pouches, pockets or spurs, usually near base (caution: 0 in Diascia such inflations rarely absent or corolla throat only slightly depressed, then yellow patches or oil-secreting hairs sometimes present there and seeds usually curved)
	b	Corolla without pouches, pockets or spurs near base of corolla tube or limb

	a	Flowers resupinate (inverted by twisting of stalk) Corolla tube split to base	Alonsoa
	b	Flowers not resupinate Corolla tube not split, even if very short

	a	Corolla tube very short or obsolete Various inflations usually present in corolla throat or at base of limb
	b	Corolla tube somewhat elongated with various inflations at base

	a	Stamens 4	Diascia
	b	Stamens 2	Hemimeris

	a	Corolla tube with 2 small hollows or short pouches at base	Colpias
	b	Corolla tube with only 1 hollow, pouch or spur at base

	a	Herbs
	b	Shrubs or small trees

	a	Anther thecae confluent Capsule dehiscing septicidally and/or loculicidally
	b	Anther thecae separate, distinct Capsule dehiscing as above or opening by 1 or more pores

	a	Capsule ± ovate or urceolate, laterally compressed, septicidal Posterior corolla lip 4-lobed	Nemesia
	b	Capsule subglobose, loculicidal Posterior corolla lip 2-lobed	Diclis

	a	Corolla tube pouched Capsule opening by 3 pores	* Misopates
	b	Corolla tube with conical to cylindrical spur at base Capsule opening either by single pore or meridional fissures

	a	Capsule locules each opening by single apical pore, with detachable lid	* Kickxia
	b	Capsule locules dehiscing by several meridional fissures

	a	Leaves palmately veined, reniform to orbicular, petiolate	* Cymbalaria
	b	Leaves not so veined, usually narrow, ± sessile	* Linaria

	a	Leaves closely set and overlapping Calyx 3-partite Stamens 2, plus 2 or 3 staminodes	Ixianthes
	b	Leaves not usually dense Calyx 5-lobed Stamens 4, all perfect

	a	Hairs stellate Leaves opposite or nearly so Calyx with valvate aestivation	Anastrabe
	b	Hairs simple Leaves usually ternate Calyx with imbricate aestivation	Bowkeria

	a	Shrubs, or trees, or softly woody epiphytes
	b	Herbs or undershrubs

	a	Fruit fleshy and indehiscent
	b	Fruit capsular, dehiscent or subindehiscent

	a	Leaves opposite and decussate, fleshy Stamens 5, perfect, equal Epiphytic	Dermatobotrys
	b	Leaves opposite, rarely decussate, or alternate, not fleshy Stamens 4 (rarely 5, or 5th one a staminode), didynamous or subequal Not epiphytic

	a	Ovules usually 4 per locule Flowers solitary	Oftia
	b	Ovules many per locule Flowers in cymes or subfasciculate

	a	Calyx 3-5-cleft Style long, filiform	Halleria
	b	Calyx 5-partite Style short, fleshy	Teedia

	a	Anthers bithecate with thecae erect If staminodes present, very short and rudimentary
	b	Anthers synthecate (becoming unithecate by confluence of 2 thecae) with thecae transverse If staminode present, filament long

	a	Leaves petiolate Stamens exserted Capsule valves entire	Phygelius
	b	Leaves sessile to shortly-petiolate Stamens included or scarcely exserted Capsule valves bifid	Freylinia

	a	Branchlets straight, rigid and often spinescent Leaves alternate Staminode 1 Stamen filaments arising at base of corolla tube	Antherothamnus
	b	Branchlets usually somewhat curved, not rigid or spinescent Leaves opposite and decussate Staminodes 0 Stamen filaments arising in throat and lower down in corolla tube	Manuleopsis

	a	Stamens 4, rarely 2 Anthers synthecate Mainly dryland herbs or undershrubs
	b	Stamens 4, or 2 Anther thecae 2, distinct or confluent Mainly water plants or in a habitat of unusual moisture conditions

	a	Posterior filaments not decurrent down corolla tube
	b	Posterior filaments decurrent down corolla tube, often to base, sometimes very briefly

	a	Bract adnate halfway up calyx tube	Glekia
	b	Bract or floral leaf not or scarcely adnate to calyx tube (at most adhering to part or all of pedicel and sometimes extreme base of calyx)

	a	Posterior stamens included, arising halfway up tube or higher, anterior stamens either included or anthers just visible in mouth	Manulea
	b	One or both pairs of stamens exserted at anthesis (caution - > 0 both pairs deeply included in 2 species of Sutera ), arising near base of tube

	a	Inside of corolla tube either glabrous or with longitudinal bands of clavate hairs, these sometimes coalescing, sometimes extending from throat onto bases of corolla lobes Seeds patterned with transversely elongated pits arranged like a chequer board	Sutera
	b	Clavate hairs, when present, confined to orange/yellow patch at base of posterior lip Seeds sinuously wrinkled in longitudinal bands	Trieenea

	a	Stigma very short (up to 2 mm), often minutely bifid, stigmatic surface ± terminal, either jelly-like or composed of minute papillae, these either terminal or also extending very briefly downwards
	b	Stigma lingulate (tip occasionally minutely bifid), often ± equalling or longer than style, flattened, with 2 marginal bands of stigmatic papillae

	a	Leaves usually opposite, bases decurrent, forming ridges or narrow wings down stem	Lyperia
	b	Leaves either alternate, at least on upper part of stem, or opposite and then not decurrent

	a	Corolla tube scarcely expanded at apex Anterior anthers shortly exserted Seeds with 6-8 longitudinal ribs, testa reticulate in furrows between ribs	Camptoloma
	b	Corolla tube abruptly expanded at apex At most tips of anterior anthers visible in mouth or very shortly exserted Seeds not ribbed, testa reticulate (2 species also with transversely elongated pits)	Jamesbrittenia

	a	Bract either adnate to pedicel (or part of pedicel) only, or to pedicel and base of calyx tube (never more than lower third)
	b	Bract adnate at least halfway up calyx tube, rarely less

	a	Inflorescence capitate, nodding in flower, erect in fruit	Glumicalyx
	b	Inflorescence either capitate or extended, always erect

	a	Floral bracts roughly as long as broad, sharply differentiated from leaves	Strobilopsis
	b	Floral bracts longer than broad, often leaf-like

	a	Capsule beaked Orange patches, if present on corolla limb, then located on all lobes forming radial pattern	Zaluzianskya
	b	Capsule not beaked Orange/yellow patches present on corolla limb but only on posterior lip

	a	Corolla with an orange/yellow patch at base of posterior lip extending down back of tube Seeds pallid or greyish, sinuously wrinkled in longitudinal bands	Trieenea
	b	Orange/yellow patch on corolla confined to posterior lip Seeds black, coarsely reticulate	Melanospermum

	a	Ovules 2 in each locule, one pointing upwards, one downwards Inflorescence a corymb	Tetraselago
	b	Ovules at least 4 in each locule and never diametrically opposed Inflorescence a spike or raceme, sometimes condensed into a head, sometimes panicled

	a	Calyx strongly 5-ribbed, plicate in flower, distinctly bilabiate, posterior lip 3-toothed, anterior lip ± 2-toothed Stamens 4 or 2 Staminodes usually absent Flowers ± sessile	Zaluzianskya
	b	Calyx not strongly ribbed, rarely plicate and then 2 stamens and 2 staminodes, distinctly bilabiate or not, lobing various, often deep, sometimes right to base Stamens 4 or 2 Staminodes present or absent Flowers pedicellate

	a	Hairs on stems (and elsewhere) always patent, gland-tipped Testa translucent, loosely enveloping endosperm Seed 3-winged or 3-angled	Polycarena
	b	Hairs on stems eglandular or mixed with glandular hairs, but some eglandular hairs always present, particularly near base of stem and there nearly always ± retrorse, patent eglandular hairs usually present on margins of bracts Testa ± opaque, tightly investing endosperm Seed never winged

	a	Calyx mostly lobed halfway or more to base Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed	Phyllopodium
	b	Calyx lobes much shorter than tube, one corolla lobe isolated, the other 4 closely associated	Reyemia

	a	Stamens 4, only somewhat didynamous, or only 2 (lower pair) perfect and other pair reduced to staminodes or absent
	b	Stamens 4, didynamous, or only upper pair perfect

	a	Small, woody subshrubs Stems slightly ribbed but not winged	* Scoparia
	b	Marsh or aquatic herbs If stems present, broadly 4-winged

	a	Flowers sessile Stamens 2, anther thecae unequal Capsule unilocular	Dintera
	b	Flowers stalked Stamens 4, anther thecae equal Capsule bilocular, at least in basal part	Limosella

	a	All stamens and staminodes arising in corolla tube, anterior pair without appendages
	b	All stamens and staminodes arising at top of corolla tube or in throat, anterior ones usually with appendages at base, rarely simple ( Lindernia conferta )

	a	Calyx tubular, 5-toothed Leaves entire or denticulate	Mimulus
	b	Calyx 5-partite or deeply 5-lobed, rarely dentate and then aerial leaves pinnatisect to lacerate

	a	Capsule shortly beaked and reflexed at maturity	Stemodiopsis
	b	Capsule neither beaked nor reflexed

	a	Calyx lobes distinctly unequal Anther thecae not stipitate (shortly stalked)	Bacopa
	b	Calyx lobes ± equal (or posterior lobes somewhat larger) Anther thecae usually stipitate

	a	Stamens 4 (2 in cleistogamous flowers) Style bent at right angles Leaves not crowded towards base of stem	Limnophila
	b	Stamens 2 Style straight Leaves crowded towards base of stem	Dopatrium

	a	Basal leaves bifurcate through incomplete lateral fusion Flowers subtended by 2 decussate pairs of floating bracts/leaves Aquatic plants	Chamaegigas
	b	Leaves and flowers not as above Plants aquatic or terrestrial

	a	Leaf venation pinnate Seeds with thickening of some epidermis cell walls Ovary with hairs at apex and ovary locules with unicellular hairs inside	Torenia
	b	Leaf venation palmate (some Lindernia species have narrow leaves and venation is obscure) Seeds with thin-walled epidermis Ovary and ovary locules not as above

	a	Nectary present Stamens usually 2 plus 2 staminodes, rarely 4 fertile	Lindernia
	b	Nectary absent Stamens 4 fertile

	a	Corolla lower lip with hairs having a multicellular base and club-shaped end cell Endosperm alveolate and aulacospermous (furrowed/ribbed) Plants nonrosulate Roots whitish	Crepidorhopalon
	b	Corolla lower lip without such hairs Endosperm alveolate and bothrospermous (not furrowed/ribbed) Plants rosulate Roots often red, orange or yellow	Craterostigma