e-Key v3 - Key to Asteraceae Genera
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Interactive keys to the identification of seed plants of southern Africa using keys based on plant morphology.
  • This is an aggregated key in which the ranks between that of Family and of Genus are ignored
  • * Consider cypselas to be black if the body of the mature cypsela is shiny-black, at least in part; paler striations, ribs or wings may be present
Backtrack a
  • Plants monocotyledonous in appearance
  • Capitula discoid, 1-flowered
  • Upper involucral bracts sheathing flower
Corymbium
b
  • Plants not exhibiting the above characters in combination
002
Backtrack a
  • Corollas not strap-shaped, if radiate, then these with 4 or fewer equal or unequal apical teeth
  • Latex rarely present
002
b
  • Corollas all strap-shaped, equally 5-toothed at the apex (florets ligulate - no. 6)
  • Latex present in plant
002
Backtrack a
  • Sweeping hairs, endothecial cells and lobes of disc florets not as below
002
b
  • Style branches with sweeping hairs consisting of 2 or 3 cells separated by vertical walls
  • Endothecial cells with transverse thickenings in only basal half
  • Lobes of disc florets with accessory apical vein
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches, capitula, corollas and mature cypselas not showing the below combination of character states
002
b
  • Style branches with conspicuous papillose appendages
  • Capitula discoid, with florets all bisexual, not yellow
  • Corollas with 5(4) relatively short, broad apical lobes
  • Mature cypselas black*
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts uniseriate, cohering by their overlapping margins, or partly or wholly connate, with or without a calyculus
  • Pappus present
002
b
  • Involucral bracts imbricate, in 2 or more rows, free or connate
  • OR uniseriate but then bracts not cohering or pappus 0 or capitula unisexual or cypselas densely villous with long hairs from base
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts with evident elongated oil glands
  • Cypselas black# when mature
002
b
  • Involucral bracts without elongated oil glands
  • Cypselas not black# when mature
002
Backtrack a
  • Styles and capitula not exhibiting below combination of character states, or capitula unisexual
002
b
  • Style branches long, gradually attenuate-acute, shortly hairy on outside, style shaft similarly hairy on upper part
  • Capitula homogamous, all florets bisexual
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula without any such bilabiate florets
002
b
  • Capitula with all or only outer florets bilabiate
  • Corollas with 3-toothed outer lips and 2-lobed inner lips
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid; iInvolucral bracts without scarious unlobed appendages or apices, and without scarious margins
  • OR capitula radiant (capitula discoid but outer florets ± enlarged and sterile, not true ray flowers)
  • OR capitula unisexual and plants dioecious; appendages of involucral bracts, if present, spiniform and/or pinnately divided
002
b
  • Capitula radiate or disciform but not radiant as above
  • OR capitula discoid and involucral bracts with unlobed, scarious, often white or coloured appendages or apices or with scarious, usually brownish margins, but not with spiniform and/or pinnately divided appendages
  • OR capitula unisexual and plants monoecious
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves spiny or bristly spiny at least towards base
002
b
  • Leaves neither spiny nor bristly spiny
002
Backtrack a
  • Anthers not tailed (ecaudate)
  • Receptacle alveolate with fringed alveolae
002
b
  • Anthers tailed (caudate)
  • Receptacle densely setose
002
Backtrack a
  • Corolla lobes of tubular florets much longer than broad
  • Leaves alternate
  • Capitula of more than 1 floret, not aggregated into glomerules
002
b
  • Corolla lobes ± as long as broad, or if much longer than broad then leaves opposite
  • Capitula sometimes of only 1 floret, or capitula aggregated into glomerules (go to couplet 14)
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle densely setose
  • Inner florets bisexual, outer sterile
002
b
  • Receptacle naked, not setose
  • All florets unisexual
  • Plants dioecious
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches of disc florets long to short or 0 but connate lower part of style branches, if present, not as below or capitula unisexual and plants monoecious
002
b
  • Style branches of disc florets connate in lower part, connate part thicker than style shaft and abruptly marked off from it by ring of short hairs at its base
  • Capitula always bisexual
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle epaleate (although sometimes hairy or fimbrillate)
  • OR receptacle paleate and leaves not opposite (although sometimes opposite on upper stem) and cypselas not black# when mature, or capitula not unisexual; capitula glomerulate or not
  • OR if lower leaves opposite then pappus of slender barbellate bristles, at least in disc florets, or pappus 0, receptacle naked and capitula not glomerulate
002
b
  • Receptacle paleate and leaves opposite, or leaves not opposite and mature cypselas black# and/or capitula glomerulate
  • OR receptacle epaleate and pappus of scales and/or leaves opposite and/or mature cypselas black and/or capitula unisexual and/or capitula glomerulate; pappus not of slender bristles, or if of bristles then bristles plumose
Receptacular paleae present: 002
Receptacular paleae absent: 002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches of bisexual or functionally male florets each with a subulate to triangular papillose appendage
002
b
  • Style branches of bisexual or functionally male florets acute to rounded, or truncate and fringed with short hairs or papillae, or shortly conical at apex with subdistal fringe of hairs, not appendaged; or style undivided
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle, pappus and capitula not showing the below combination of character states
002
b
  • Receptacle alveolate
  • Pappus a deeply and unequally laciniate corona
  • Capitula disciform
Receptacular paleae present: 002
Receptacular paleae absent: 002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts green and herbaceous (though often with hyaline margins), or with scarious, membranous, often white or coloured appendages or apices, or rarely appendages foliose
  • Leaves never pinnatipartite
  • Pappus of hairs or scales present in at least some florets, or if 0 then style branches not truncate and fringed
002
b
  • Involucral bracts with scarious, usually brown, often erose margins, not appendaged
  • Leaves often pinnatipartite
  • Style branches apically truncate and fringed, or style undivided and truncate
  • Pappus 0, or if present, then a short lacerate crown or lobed auricle, or leaves pinnatipartite and outer pappus of 5 white petaloid scales
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present or 0
  • Fruit small cypselas and not as below
  • Capitula radiate or disciform
002
b
  • Pappus 0
  • Fruit large, curved, angular or winged cypselas, or smooth drupes
  • Capitula radiate
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate, disciform or discoid
  • Ray florets, if present, female
  • Style branches not as below
002
b
  • Capitula radiate
  • Ray florets neuter, or if fertile then style branches shortly conical at apex with subdistal fringe of hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Stems with or without resin ducts
  • Leaves dentate, denticulate, serrulate or pinnatifid, rarely entire, with hairs of type A (multiseptate hairs with short cells)
  • Involucral bracts with undivided sclerenchymatous portion
  • Pollen with 1-layered sexine
002
b
  • Stems without resin ducts
  • Leaves generally entire, with hairs of type B (hairs with 1 basal cell and a very long terminal cell)
  • Involucral bracts with entire or divided sclerenchymatous basal portion
  • Pollen with 2-layered double sexine
002
Backtrack a
  • Female florets in 1 row, radiate, miniradiate, rarely filiform, or absent
  • Style with acute sweeping hairs ending below furcation, rarely with obtuse sweeping hairs ( Anisopappus )
002
b
  • Female florets in several rows, filiform or rarely radiate
  • Style with obtuse sweeping hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle distinctly paleate with paleae subtending florets
002
b
  • Receptacle completely epaleate (though sometimes pilose or hirsute) or capitula few-flowered and presence of paleae unclear
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
002
b
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Rays yellow, rarely abaxially reddish
002
b
  • Rays white or rarely pink to reddish on both sides
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts in 5-7 rows
Ursinia
b
  • Involucral bracts in 1 row
Eriocephalus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of 5 (rarely 8-10) large obovate scales and sometimes 5 additional subulate scales
Ursinia
b
  • Pappus a shallow corona, an auricle or of small scales or 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas copiously villous
002
b
  • Cypselas glabrous, sometimes glandular or papillose
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts in 2-4 rows
Lasiospermum
b
  • Involucral bracts in 1 row
Eriocephalus
Backtrack a
  • Shrubs with opposite leaves (leaves alternate in Eumorphia davyi)
  • Cypselas with 10 or more ribs
Eumorphia
b
  • Herbs or rarely shrubs with alternate leaves (rarely with some leaves opposite basally on stem)
  • Cypselas various
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened and with 2 lateral ribs but no wings
* Achillea
b
  • Cypselas various, sometimes dorsiventrally flattened but then rhombic in cross-section and without 2 lateral ribs and not or only narrowly winged
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves serrate-dentate, rarely pinnatifid or entire
  • Anthers caudate
Osmitopsis
b
  • Leaves pinnatisect to variously lobed
  • Anthers not caudate
* Anthemis
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present, of scales, an auricle or a corona
002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim (rarely with pseudopappus of bristle-like stalked glands in Athanasia )
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of 5 (rarely 8-10) large obovate scales and sometimes 5 additional subulate scales
Ursinia
b
  • Pappus a shallow corona, an auricle or of small scales
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula narrowly oblong-obconical, slender and few-flowered
  • Indumentum of stellate hairs
Hymenolepis
b
  • Capitula rather widely urceolate to cyathiform-campanulate
  • Indumentum of simple or bifid hairs
Inulanthera
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas glabrous, sometimes glandular
Athanasia
b
  • Cypselas copiously villous
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts in 2-4 rows
Lasiospermum
b
  • Involucral bracts in 1 row
Eriocephalus
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
002
b
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Rays yellow, rarely partly white or reddish or abaxially reddish
002
b
  • Rays white, rarely pink to reddish, bluish violet or creamy orange, but not yellow
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present in ray or disc cypselas or generally in all cypselas, of scales, an auricle or a corona
002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened and with 2 lateral broad wings, annual herbs with entire, fleshy leaves
Adenoglossa
b
  • Cypselas oblong, 4-angled, perennial herbs, leaves not fleshy
Inezia
Backtrack a
  • Ray cypselas triquetrous, winged
  • Disc cypselas prismatic with narrow adaxial wing or terete and apparently ribbed
* Chrysanthemum
b
  • Cypselas all equal, oblong or obovoid, without wings or dorsiventrally flattened and laterally winged
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla 4-lobed
  • Rays not true ray florets but outer disc florets with 1 corolla lobe expanded to a limb
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened
Cotula
b
  • Disc corolla 5-lobed
  • Rays true ray florets with apically 3-lobed laminas
  • Cypselas oblong or obovoid, ribbed
* Leucanthemum
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present at least in ray cypselas, of scales, an auricle or a corona (sometimes almost absent in Tanacetum but cypselas then apically with acute rim)
002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim (mainly abaxial and somewhat toothed in Oncosiphon )
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
Foveolina
b
  • More or less suffruticose perennials, shrublets or shrubs
002
Backtrack a
  • More or less suffruticose perennials
* Tanacetum
b
  • Woody shrubs or shrublets
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened and laterally winged
Leucoptera
b
  • Cypselas ± terete, not winged
Cymbopappus
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla 4-lobed
002
b
  • Disc corolla 5-lobed
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves entire, lanceolate to linear
Thaminophyllum
b
  • Leaves variously lobed or pinnatisect, not entire
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla tube very much swollen and brittle
Oncosiphon
b
  • Disc corolla tube not or only slightly swollen
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves with few, oblong to rounded, apically mucronate lobes
  • Receptacle pilose
Lidbeckia
b
  • Leaves variously pinnatisect
  • Receptacle glabrous
002
Backtrack a
  • Shrubs
  • Cypselas subglobose with 2 or 3 adaxial faint ribs
Hilliardia
b
  • Herbs
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened
002
Backtrack a
  • Rays not true ray florets but outer disc florets with 1 corolla lobe expanded to a limb, ray florets and cypselas stalked
Cotula
b
  • Rays true ray florets with apically 3-lobed or entire lamina, ray florets and cypselas sessile
Inezia
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
Eumorphia
b
  • Leaves alternate
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla tube confluent with cypsela
  • Cypsela ribs with resin ducts
  • Leaves serrate
Adenanthellum
b
  • Disc corolla tube not confluent with cypsela
  • Cypsela ribs without resin ducts
  • Leaves entire or few-lobed
Phymaspermum
Backtrack a
  • Pappus present, of scales, an auricle or a corona
002
b
  • Pappus 0 but cypselas sometimes apically with obtuse rim (mainly abaxial and somewhat toothed in Oncosiphon
  • Rarely with pseudopappus of bristle-like stalked glands in Athanasia )
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
002
b
  • Perennial herbs or often subshrubs, shrublets or shrubs
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypsela wall and pappus white and spongy, abaxially thin
Foveolina
b
  • Cypsela wall not white and spongy
  • With 1 adaxial and 2 lateral ± thick ribs
  • Pappus a stiff corona covered with myxogenic cells
Myxopappus
Backtrack a
  • Capitula closely aggregated at stems
  • Leaves small, ericoid, entire or occasionally few-lobed
  • Pappus of 7-10 oblong, adaxially longer scales
Marasmodes
b
  • Capitula solitary or laxly to densely corymbose
  • Leaves and pappus various
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula narrowly oblong-obconical, slender and few-flowered
  • Pubescent shrubs
  • Indumentum of stellate hairs
Hymenolepis
b
  • Capitula generally urceolate to cyathiform or campanulate
  • Habit various
  • Indumentum if present of simple or bifid hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Shrubs with corymbose capitula and pinnatisect leaves
  • Cypselas 8-10-ribbed
  • Pappus of small scales projecting from cypsela ribs
Inulanthera
b
  • Shrubs with ± ericoid leaves\
  • Pappus of scales not distinctly projecting from cypsela ribs, a corona or an auricle
Pentzia
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
  • Shrubs with sessile or corymbose capitula
002
b
  • Leaves alternate, rarely opposite but then habit or capitula different
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves entire
  • Capitula sessile
Athanasia
b
  • Leaves pinnatifid
  • Capitula corymbose
Gymnopentzia
Backtrack a
  • Capitula in elongated and paniculate, rarely racemiform or spiciform synflorescences, often small and many
Artemisia
b
  • Capitula solitary or in lax to dense corymbs, small to medium-sized
002
Backtrack a
  • Central floret corolla 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed in Cotula )
002
b
  • Central floret corolla 5-lobed
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened with 2 lateral ± distinct ribs or wings
002
b
  • Cypselas not or only slightly dorsiventrally flattened without or with 3-5 ribs and no wings
002
Backtrack a
  • Shrublets or subshrubs with corymbose or occasionally solitary capitula
Schistostephium
b
  • Annual or perennial herbs with solitary capitula, rarely few together
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula sessile
  • Outer female florets without corolla and with style persistent and spinescent in fruit
* Soliva
b
  • Capitula ± pedunculate
  • Outer female florets with corolla
  • Style not persistent
Cotula
Backtrack a
  • Disc corolla tube very much swollen and brittle
Oncosiphon
b
  • Disc corolla tube not or only slightly swollen
  • Cypsela wall either white and spongy with 1 adaxial and 2 lateral weak ribs, abaxially thin or cypselas almost terete and thin-walled all around
Foveolina
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
Foveolina
b
  • Perennial herbs or often subshrubs, shrublets or shrubs
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas dorsiventrally flattened, with or without lateral wings
Hippia
b
  • Cypselas not dorsiventrally flattened, not winged
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypsela ribs acute, with secretory cavities
  • Corolla gradually expanded and funnel-shaped
Athanasia
b
  • Cypselas without ribs or ribs faint or rounded, without secretory cavities
  • Corolla ± distinctly divided into tube and limb
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas 10-18-ribbed
Phymaspermum
b
  • Cypselas with 0 or fewer than 10 ribs
002
Backtrack a
  • Corolla lobes cucullate, anthers shortly calcarate, involucral bracts in 3(4) rows, inner row smaller than outer 2 and membranous
Rennera
b
  • Corolla lobes not cucullate, anthers ecalcarate
  • Involucral bracts in 3-5 rows
Pentzia
Backtrack
008 		a
  • Capitula discoid, massed in a cushion covering the crown of the root and surrounded by a rosette of leaves
Platycarpha
b
  • Capitula radiate, if discoid, then not massed in a cushion surrounded by leaves
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts ± free, the inner ones at least obtuse, scarious at the tips and on the margins
002
b
  • Involucral bracts connate at base or higher, acute or acuminate, often spine-tipped
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus with subplumose bristles
Heterolepis
b
  • Pappus 0 or of scales
002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets sterile, not producing cypselas
  • Pappus 0 or of small scales
Arctotheca
b
  • Ray florets female, producing cypselas
002
Backtrack a
  • Acaulescent herbs
002
b
  • Stems diffuse or matted
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas flat and deeply grooved on one face, convex and tubercled on the other
Arctotis
b
  • Cypselas turbinate
Haplocarpha
Backtrack a
  • Stems forming dense mats
  • Pappus of two rings of short, ovate-acuminate, laciniate scales
Dymondia
b
  • Stems diffusely branched
  • Pappus 0 or of 1 or 2 rows of larger or small scales
Arctotis
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0
  • Shrublets
  • Branches slender, densely leafy up to the capitula
Cullumia
b
  • Pappus present
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle with outer honeycomb-cavities thick-walled, inner ones membranous
  • Pappus scales ciliate to fimbriate
002
b
  • Receptacle uniformally honeycombed
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucre bracts in 3 rows, the middle ones the largest
  • Receptacle not breaking up at maturity
Heterorhachis
b
  • Involucre bracts in 2 rows, outer ovate, inner slender
  • Receptacle breaking up at maturity
Didelta
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs, sometimes wiry
  • Seeds germinating from within old capitula
002
b
  • Perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, rarely annuals
  • Seeds not germinating within capitula
  • Pappus biseriate
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets with only a few fertile
  • Pappus short, coroniform, hidden by hairs of cypselas
Gorteria
b
  • Disc florets bisexual, all fertile
  • Pappus scales linear
Cuspidia
Backtrack a
  • Involucre bracts slightly fused at base, pungent-toothed or -lobed
Berkheya
b
  • Involucre bracts fused in the lower half, sometimes setose, not spinescent
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus scales of outer whorl not overlapping, the inner ones equal or somewhat longer
  • Sap milky
Gazania
b
  • Pappus scales of outer whorl spirally overlapping, inner whorl small or obsolete
Hirpicium
Backtrack a
  • Plants dioecious
* Baccharis
b
  • Plants monoecious
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus uniseriate
002
b
  • Pappus biseriate
002
Backtrack a
  • Anthers shortly caudate
  • Receptacle paleate
Poecilolepis
b
  • Anthers ecaudate
  • Receptacle epaleate
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula distinctly radiate
002
b
  • Capitula disciform or discoid
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas ellipsoid-oblong, with swollen margin and apically surmounted by horny collar
Polyarrhena
b
  • Cypselas strongly compressed, without apical ring
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of plumose bristles
002
b
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Fertile cypselas moderately to densely strigose-sericeous with filiform hairs
  • Rays white to blue or yellow
  • Pappus of ray cypselas similar to that of disc (sterile) cypselas, of plumose bristles
Zyrphelis
b
  • Fertile cypselas moderately to densely invested with short, white papillae or glabrous to glabrate
  • Rays white to blue
  • Pappus of ray cypselas 0 or of only 1 or 2 plumose or short-serrate bristles (with many bristles in 1 species), disc (sterile) cypselas with more bristles
Gymnostephium
Backtrack a
  • Scandent or twining shrubs
Microglossa
b
  • Herbs or shrubs, not scandent or twining
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets bisexual, rarely functionally male
  • Pappus bristles many
Felicia
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Pappus bristles 0 or 1-3
Gymnostephium
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
Felicia
b
  • Capitula disciform or shortly radiate
002
Backtrack a
  • Outer female florets in 1 row
Nolletia
b
  • Outer female florets in 2 to many rows
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle ± swollen
  • Style branches with lanceolate appendages
  • Pappus 0 or of 1 or 2 bristles
Dichrocephala
b
  • Characters not as above
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of few basally connate scaly bristles, a corona or 0
Grangea
b
  • Pappus of many barbellate bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Cypselas turbinate
  • Shrubs
Psiadia
b
  • Disc florets bisexual, rarely some functionally male
  • Cypselas obovoid-oblong or ellipsoid, compressed
  • Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs
002
Backtrack a
  • Marginal florets (short rays) yellow
Nidorella
b
  • Marginal florets (short rays) white, pink or mauve
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branch appendages larger than stigmatic area, lanceolate-linear, acute or acuminate
  • Cypselas obovoid-oblong, somewhat compressed, pubescent and glandular
Aster
b
  • Style branch appendages lanceolate to triangular
  • Cypselas obovoid-oblong, sometimes compressed, pubescent
Conyza
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
002
b
  • Capitula disciform or discoid
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles only
002
b
  • Pappus an outer row of scales and an inner row of bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves in basal rosette
  • Pappus of plumose bristles
Mairia
b
  • Leaves alternate, scattered along stem
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branch appendages longer than stigmatic area, lanceolate-linear, acute or acuminate
Aster
b
  • Style branch appendages shorter than stigmatic areas, lanceolate to triangular, acute or obtuse
* Erigeron
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles plumose
Mairia
b
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
Engleria
b
  • Leaves alternate, rarely lower ones opposite
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle mostly paleate
Amellus
b
  • Receptacle epaleate
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves small, ericoid
  • Cypselas with 2 resin sacs in ribs
Chrysocoma
b
  • Leaves usually broad or long, not ericoid
  • Cypselas without ribs and resin sacs
Aster
Backtrack a
  • Capitula disciform
002
b
  • Capitula discoid
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles only
Conyza
b
  • Pappus of bristles and scales
Amellus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles only
002
b
  • Pappus of bristles and scales
002
Backtrack a
  • Perennial herbs
  • Leaves alternate, sometimes radical
  • Cypselas oblong-obovoid, slightly compressed, usually 3-ribbed, glandular
Heteromma
b
  • Shrublets or shrubs
  • Leaves mostly opposite, sometimes fascicled or alternate
  • Cypselas obovoid or turbinate, sometimes compressed, sometimes narrowed into short, apical beak, glabrous to villous
Pteronia
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas without resin sacs
  • Receptacle mostly paleate
Amellus
b
  • Cypselas with resin sacs in ribs
  • Receptacle epaleate
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves opposite
Engleria
b
  • Leaves alternate, ericoid
Chrysocoma
Backtrack a
  • Fruit a drupe
Chrysanthemoides
b
  • Fruit a cypsela
002
Backtrack a
  • Style deeply bifurcate with hairs reaching below point of furcation
Garuleum
b
  • Style shallowly bifid or bilobed with short apical collar of hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas homomorphic, rarely hetero- or dimorphic
002
b
  • Cypselas hetero- or polymorphic
002
Backtrack a
  • Ray cypselas kidney-shaped with ventral cavity
Gibbaria
b
  • Ray cypselas 3-winged with apical fenestrate airchamber
  • Sometimes some cypselas wingless and rostrate
Tripteris
c
  • Ray cypselas straight or somewhat curved, triquetrous, 3-winged or terete or ribbed or tuberculate or with various processes
  • With or without apical cavities
Osteospermum
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets mostly bisexual, fertile
  • Disc cypselas laterally flattened with thickened margins
Dimorphotheca
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
002
Backtrack a
  • Outer ray cypselas cymbiform, somewhat curved, rostrate or triquetrous; inner distinctly curved, sometimes winged, sometimes annular; dorsally rugose to tuberculate-aculeate
* Calendula
b
  • Ray cypselas slightly curved and wingless or straight and 3-winged or rostrate and wingless, with or without apical cavity; smooth or rugose-aculeate
Oligocarpus
c
  • Ray cypselas straight or somewhat curved, triquetrous, 3-winged or terete or ribbed or tuberculate or with various processes; with or without apical cavities
Osteospermum
Backtrack
010 		a
  • Dwarf shrubs
  • Leaves with a spinose-dentate margin
* Carthamus
b
  • Herbs
  • Leaves not as above
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus with hairs connate at base
002
b
  • Pappus with hairs free to base
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of plumose hairs
* Cirsium
b
  • Pappus of scabrid hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Filaments free
* Carduus
b
  • Filaments connate
* Silybum
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of long, subacuminate scales surrounded by long hairs
* Mantisalca
b
  • Pappus of several rows of simple, sometimes scale-like, hairs
* Centaurea
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
  • Leaves spiniform
  • Corolla limbs glabrous
  • Anther appendages shortly oblong with apiculate tips
Hoplophyllum
b
  • Capitula radiate
  • Leaves oblanceolate
  • Corolla limbs with hairs and glands outside
  • Anther appendages lanceolate
Eremothamnus
Backtrack a
  • Anthers without an apical appendage or minutely apiculate
  • Pappus of 3 or 5 gland-tipped processes
Adenostemma
b
  • Anthers with an apical appendage
  • Pappus of eglandular bristles or scales
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of scales
* Ageratum
b
  • Pappus of bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts 4 or 5
  • Plant a twiner or scrambler
Mikania
b
  • Involucral bracts many, if few
  • Plant erect, not twining
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle rounded to conical
* Campuloclinium
b
  • Receptacle flat or convex
002
Backtrack a
  • Individual pappus bristles easily deciduous
* Ageratina
b
  • Pappus bristles persistent, not easily deciduous
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts with tips coloured, deciduous
  • Pappus of many, capillary bristles
* Chromolaena
b
  • Involucral bracts and pappus not as above
  • Cypselas 5- to 8-ribbed, with many setulae
Stomatanthes
Backtrack a
  • Leaves denticulate, dentate, serrulate, serrate or lobed
  • Involucral bracts cartilaginous or herbaceous, without papery lamina
002
b
  • Leaves entire or else involucral bracts have a papery lamina
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
002
b
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle paleate
002
b
  • Receptacle epaleate
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles and crown of scales
Philyrophyllum
b
  • Pappus of rigid awns
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts with terminal arista
  • Ray florets purple
  • Disc florets yellow
  • Pappus of 5 scale-like awns with bristle-like projection
Alatoseta
b
  • Involucral bracts without arista
  • Ray florets creamy white or blue
  • Disc florets purplish black
  • Pappus of few rigid canaliculate awns
Callilepis
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets yellow or white
  • Pappus of bristles in 1 row with outer row of scales (N.B. some Printzia species may have yellow or greenish ray florets but then with pappus of bristles in many rows)
Pentatrichia
b
  • Ray florets purple
  • Pappus of bristles in several rows
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves broad (more than 10 mm)
  • Anthers projecting out of corolla at early stage, preflorally
Printzia
b
  • Leaves narrow (less than 10 mm)
  • Anthers projecting at later stage, postflorally
002

Backtrack
137

a
  • Involucral bracts with shortly stalked glandular hairs
  • Cypselas hairy but without glands
  • Leaves xeromorphic, needle-like
Athrixia
b
  • Involucral bracts with long-stalked glandular hairs
  • Cypselas hairy and glandular
  • Leaves herbaceous
Lepidostephium
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of slender, capillary bristles and scales
  • Involucral bracts recurved
  • Capitula discoid
002
b
  • Pappus of bristles only or of rigid awns or of short rigid bristles and scales
  • Involucral bracts not recurved
  • Capitula discoid or disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaf surface smooth, veins indistinct
  • Capitula large (more than 10 mm)
  • Pappus with 5-8 bristles
Anisothrix
b
  • Leaf surface more or less rugose, veins distinct
  • Capitula small (less than 10 mm)
  • Pappus with 4 or 5 bristles
Pentatrichia
Backtrack a
  • Leaves large, deeply lobed
  • Capitula small, discoid, in large divaricate, leafy panicles
  • Corolla very deeply lobed
Anisochaeta
b
  • Leaves smaller, not lobed
  • Capitula disciform, not in divaricate panicles
  • Corolla with short lobes
002
Backtrack a
  • Stem and leaves villose
  • Florets yellow
  • Pappus of short rigid bristles and short scales
Artemisiopsis
b
  • Stem and leaves glabrous or puberulous
  • Florets white or blue
  • Pappus of 1 plumose capillary bristle only
Denekia
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts cartilaginous or herbaceous
  • Capitula radiate
002
b
  • Involucral bracts with papery lamina or else capitula disciform or discoid
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves small, densely tomentose to villose on both sides
Printzia
b
  • Leaves often glabrous and shiny above, not tomentose or villose on both sides
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of triquetrous awns
  • Ray florets creamy white or blue
  • Disc florets purplish black
Callilepis
b
  • Pappus of capillary bristles
  • Florets not as above
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles in several rows
  • Ray florets not yellow ( Athrixia and Lepidostephium , but see also Macowania pinifolia )
002
b
  • Pappus of bristles in 1 row or 0
  • Ray florets yellow or white
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves very long and slender, acicular
  • Pappus 0
Oxylaena
b
  • Leaves not very slender, short to moderately long, not acicular
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves flat, very pungent
  • Corolla with long woolly hairs
  • Pappus bristles caducous
Arrowsmithia
b
  • Leaves revolute, pungent or not
  • Corolla without woolly hairs
  • Pappus bristles persistent
Macowania
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
002
b
  • Capitula disciform or discoid
002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets yellow
002
b
  • Ray florets purple, pink or white
002
Backtrack a
  • Plants compact, cushion-forming
Oreoleysera
b
  • Plants not cushion-forming
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of capillary bristles, scales 0
Antithrixia
b
  • Pappus at least in ray florets with conspicuous scales, bristles present or 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles distinctly plumose
Leysera
b
  • Pappus bristles scabrid-barbellate or 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual or biennial herbs
002
b
  • Perennial subshrubs, shrublets or shrubs
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas densely hairy with long, apically coiled hairs
Rhynchopsidium
b
  • Cypselas almost glabrous
Nestlera
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets with 1-4 pappus bristles
Rosenia
b
  • Disc florets without pappus bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Plants glabrous (if hairy then with capitula congested in secondary heads)
  • Capitula generally cymose-corymbose to clustered in secondary heads (if solitary then with glabrous, ± distinctly 1-nerved leaves)
Oedera
b
  • Plants ± hairy or glandular-hairy (if glabrous then with distinctly 3-9-nerved leaves)
  • Capitula generally solitary (if corymbose then with hairy leaves)
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves with long, glandular hairs
Comborhiza
b
  • Leaves without long, glandular hairs
Relhania
Backtrack a
  • Plants compact, moss-like
  • Disc florets wine-red
Bryomorphe
b
  • Plants not moss-like
  • Disc florets yellow, pink or white
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of 5 broad scale-like awns with bristle-like projection
  • Involucral bracts with long terminal arista
Alatoseta
b
  • Pappus of plumose capillary bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few-flowered, in dense globose clusters
Disparago
b
  • Capitula with more florets; well separated in loose clusters
Amphiglossa
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts entirely cartilaginous or herbaceous or sometimes with minute papery apical portion
002
b
  • Involucral bracts conspicuously papery
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula 1-flowered
Stoebe
b
  • Capitula with 2 or more florets
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula arranged in spikes or in dense glomerules
Elytropappus
b
  • Capitula solitary, neither arranged in spikes nor in dense glomerules
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small
  • Pappus of plumose bristles
Amphiglossa
b
  • Capitula larger
  • Pappus of barbellate bristles
Lachnospermum
Backtrack a
  • Florets purple, at least apically or basally
002
b
  • Florets yellow
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves adaxially concave, often tomentose adaxially only
002
b
  • Leaves flat or revolute, not tomentose adaxially only
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves twisted or straight
  • Capitula discoid
  • Pappus barbellate
002
b
  • Leaves straight
  • Capitula disciform or sometimes discoid but then pappus plumose
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large, more or less campanulate, rather few
002
b
  • Capitula small, narrowly cylindrical, many
002
Backtrack a
  • All involucral bracts conspicuously white
  • Leaves linear, ericoid
Hydroidea
b
  • Only innermost bracts conspicuously white
  • Leaves neither ericoid, nor linear
002
Backtrack a
  • Apical pappus cells white, opaque
Atricantha
b
  • Apical pappus cells hyaline, transparent
Calotesta
Backtrack a
  • Apical pappus cells clavate
Metalasia
b
  • Apical pappus cells acute
Planea
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large (more than 10 mm)
002
b
  • Capitula small (less than 10 mm)
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas villose
  • Involucral bracts pink
  • Leaves minute, extremely densely adpressed
Phaenocoma
b
  • Cypselas pilose or almost glabrous
  • Involucral bracts white, yellow, reddish or brown
  • Leaves not minute
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves small, triangular, erect, adpressed, adaxially concave and tomentose, abaxially glabrous
Edmondia
b
  • Leaves not small and triangular, flattened, not erect, nor glabrous abaxially
Syncarpha
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets generally bisexual
  • Pappus bristles basally with patent cilia, apical cells clavate
  • Endothecial tissue radial
Ifloga
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Pappus bristles basally without patent cilia, apical cells not clavate
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
Trichogyne
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid or disciform with female florets not outnumbering disc florets
002
b
  • Capitula disciform with female florets outnumbering disc florets
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid (or occasionally with 1 or 2 filiform female florets)
002
b
  • Capitula disciform (female florets frequent)
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few, on filiform peduncles
Troglophyton
b
  • Capitula several, ± sessile, in glomerules
Vellereophyton
Backtrack a
  • Stereome divided
002
b
  • Stereome undivided
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few, on filiform peduncles
Troglophyton
b
  • Capitula several, ± sessile, in glomerules
Vellereophyton
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle paleate
002
b
  • Receptacle epaleate
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves revolute, glabrous above, decurrent
  • Cypselas with scattered, short, clavate myxogenic hairs
Tenrhynea
b
  • Leaves flat, villose above, not decurrent
  • Cypselas villose with elongated nonmyxogenic hairs
Petalacte
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts not unguiculate
  • Outer ones without petaloid portion, inner ones with elongate petaloid portion
  • Pappus bristles with apical teeth short, subclavate, opaque
  • Disc floret style bifurcate
Langebergia
b
  • Inner involucral bracts unguiculate with broader petaloid portion, outer ones partly membranous, not clawed
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves glabrous above (or sparsely pilose)
  • Flowering branches apically usually with reduced leaves (= corymbophore present)
  • Corolla purplish
  • Pappus reduced especially in female florets
Anaxeton
b
  • Leaves tomentose on both sides (though sometimes glabrescent above with age)
  • Flowering branches evenly leafy to top (= corymbophore 0)
  • Corolla white or yellow
  • Pappus bristles well-developed in all florets
Anderbergia
Backtrack a
  • Stereome divided
002
b
  • Stereome undivided
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles basally connate in groups, pappus plumose
* Facelis
b
  • Pappus bristles basally free or cohering by patent cilia
002
Backtrack a
  • Stereome conspicuously divided
  • Pappus generally distinctly plumose or else cypselas with 2-celled, globose or unicellular, clavate hairs
Lasiopogon
b
  • Stereome indistinctly divided
  • Pappus barbellate or possibly subplumose but then cypselas not as above
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula few, on filiform peduncles
Troglophyton
b
  • Capitula several, ± sessile, in glomerules
Vellereophyton
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas with globose hairs
  • Pappus basally connate
* Gamochaeta
b
  • Cypselas with clavate or elongated hairs
  • Pappus free, connate or 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Perennial herbs with long, straggling branches
Plecostachys
b
  • Perennial or annual herbs
  • Branches never long and straggling
Gnaphalium
Backtrack a
  • Leaves minute, densely adpressed
  • Involucral bracts white
  • Cypselas villose
Dolichothrix
b
  • Characters not as above
002
Backtrack a
  • Outer involucral bracts subtending single female floret
  • Pappus apically plumose
002
b
  • Outer involucral bracts not subtending single female floret
  • Pappus various
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets generally bisexual
  • Pappus bristles basally with patent cilia, apical cells clavate
  • Endothecial tissue radial
Ifloga
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Pappus bristles basally without patent cilia, apical cells not clavate
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
Trichogyne
Backtrack a
  • Capitula surrounded by involucre of lanate, radiating leaves
Galeomma
b
  • Capitula not surrounded by lanate, radiating leaves
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
002
b
  • Capitula disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Ovaries with relatively large and conspicuous white hairs, pappus bristles fused at base in a smooth ring, shaft usually plumose, rarely barbellate or smooth
Syncarpha
b
  • Ovaries either without large white hairs or pappus bristles not fused at base (although they may cohere strongly by patent cilia)
Helichrysum
Backtrack a
  • Female florets outnumbering disc florets
002
b
  • Female florets fewer than disc florets
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles apically plumose, basally connate
  • Stereome undivided
  • Cypselas with globose, myxogenic twin-hairs
Helichrysopsis
b
  • Pappus bristles barbellate, basally free
  • Stereome divided
  • Cypselas never with globose twin-hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula with less than 20 florets
Helichrysum
b
  • Capitula with more than 20 florets
Pseudognaphalium
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large, solitary or few together
  • Pappus basally connate, of many distinctly plumose bristles
  • Cypselas with globose hairs
Syncarpha
b
  • Capitula large or small
  • Pappus barbellate or only somewhat plumose but then with few, basally free bristles
  • Cypselas not with globose hairs
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula large, solitary
  • Leaves small, triangular, adpressed, concave and adaxially tomentose
Edmondia
b
  • Capitula small or, if large, then leaves not as above
Helichrysum
Backtrack
005 		a
  • Involucral bracts connate for most of their length, gland-dotted
* Tagetes
b
  • Involucral bracts free; not gland-dotted
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts many, appressed hairy, margins with long bristles
* Gaillardia
b
  • Involucral bracts few (± 3-6), glabrous
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves pinnate, alternate
  • Individual heads solitary on long peduncles
* Schkuhria
b
  • Leaves simple, opposite
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small, aggregated into secondary capitula, terminal and axillary
  • Pappus 0
* Flaveria
b
  • Capitula large, solitary on long peduncles at ends of branches
  • Pappus present, of ± fimbriately winged setae, usually uncinate
Hypericophyllum
Backtrack
014 		a
  • Capitula unisexual
002
b
  • Capitula bisexual
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts of male capitula connate
  • Female capitula 1-flowered
  • Cypsela clasped by female involucre which bears 4-6 spines
* Ambrosia
b
  • Involucral bracts of male capitula free
  • Female capitula 2-flowered
  • Cypsela clasped by female involucre bearing hooked spines
* Xanthium
Backtrack a
  • Florets of disc sterile
002
b
  • Florets of disc fertile (or only innermost sterile)
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas tightly clasped by one of the inner involucral bracts which developed hooked spines
  • Pappus 0
* Acanthospermum
b
  • Cypselas clasped by an involucral scale and 2 lateral, concave, involucral paleae
  • Pappus of 2 recurved awns clasping the margin of the cypsela
* Parthenium
Backtrack a
  • Receptacular paleae ± flat not clasping cypselas
002
b
  • Receptacular paleae ± conduplicate and clasping or enfolding cypselas
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts quite free, the inner merging gradually into the receptacular paleae
  • Leaves simple
002
b
  • Involucral bracts of the inner row connate at base, outer row fewer and mostly smaller or narrower
  • Leaves variously divided
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0
  • Lamina of ray florets golden yellow
* Guizotia
b
  • Pappus present
  • Lamina of ray florets white, cream or yellow
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of densely plumose bristles
* Tridax
b
  • Pappus of scales, persistent or caducous
002
Backtrack a
  • appus of 2 scales, soon caducous, cypselas winged
  • Large yellow rays
* Coreopsis
b
  • Pappus of several scales, cypselas not winged
  • Very small, white rays
* Galinsoga
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate
* Chrysanthellum
b
  • Leaves opposite
002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets yellow, golden, orange or 0
Bidens
b
  • Ray florets white, pink, lilac or red
* Cosmos
Backtrack a
  • Involucral bracts 4, in 2 rows of opposite pairs, leafy
  • Flower heads axillary, sessile or subsessile
Enydra
b
  • Involucral bracts 3 to many, but not in 2 rows of opposite pairs and leafy
  • Capitula not sessile or subsessile and axillary
002
Backtrack a
  • Inner involucral bracts embracing fertile ray cypselas
  • Involucral bracts spathulate and densely glandular
* Sigesbeckia
b
  • Inner involucral bracts not embracing outermost cypselas
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate as a rule
  • Receptacular paleae cymbiform, clasping cypselas and produced above into a ± tubular neck
  • Ray florets 0 or neuter
Sclerocarpus
b
  • Leaves opposite, sometimes alternate above
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas surmounted by a distinct, often lacerate cupule
  • Additional pappus bristles present or 0
002
b
  • Cypselas without pappus or with pappus of various kinds, but not a cupule
002
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets sterile (although style and stigmas rarely present)
  • All cypselas ± alike, bilaterally convex or obscurely 4-angled
Aspilia
b
  • Ray florets fertile (with style and stigmas and producing mature cypselas
  • Outer cypselas ± triquetrous
002
Backtrack a
  • Laminas conspicuous, yellow
  • Leaves lobulate
  • Petioles short
  • Capitula long-pedunculate
  • Cypselas tuberculate with caducous aristae
* Sphagneticola
b
  • Laminas small, white
  • Leaves simple
  • Petioles slender
  • Capitula subsessile or shortly pedunculate
  • Cypselas minutely transversely rugulose with persistent barbellate awns
Blainvillea
Backtrack a
  • Ray florets persistent
  • Annual herbs up to 0.6 m tall; unbranched
  • Leaves narrowly oblong-ovate
* Zinnia
b
  • Ray florets not persistent
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas 4-sided
  • Capitula large and showy with orange-red or yellow ray florets
  • Apex of peduncles becoming very thick
* Tithonia
b
  • Cypselas ± compressed or, if not noticeably compressed, peduncles not swollen above
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacular paleae obovate, truncate-emarginate and caudate-spinescent at apex
  • Perennial shrubs up to 6 m tall with white rays
* Montanoa
b
  • Receptacular paleae not caudate-spinescent
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets deep purple, at least above
* Helianthus
b
  • Disc florets not purple
002
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets white
  • Receptacular paleae very narrow and often setiform
* Eclipta
b
  • Disc florets not white, ± yellowish
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas thick or angular, not compressed, pubescent at apex, not winged or margined
* Melanthera
b
  • Cypselas ± compressed, winged or with a hyaline cartilaginous margin
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypsela with broad, irregular margin
  • Lamina of ray florets 10 mm long or more
* Verbesina
b
  • Cypsela with hyaline, cartilaginous margin
  • Ray florets ± 1.3 mm long or 0
Spilanthes
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0, or of wide scales, often with protruding bristle-like mid-portion, or very short, not of capillary bristles
002
b
  • Pappus of well-developed capillary bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle epaleate
002
b
  • Receptacle paleate
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacle clothed with many bristles
Geigeria
b
  • Receptacle without bristles
Calostephane
Backtrack a
  • Stem winged
  • Pappus of very short barbellate bristles
Ondetia
b
  • Stem not winged
  • Pappus of scales or 0
Anisopappus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of bristles and scales
002
b
  • Pappus of bristles only
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles plumose
Pegolettia
in part
b
  • Pappus bristles barbellate
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus scales forming short connate cup
  • Capitula generally disciform
Pulicaria
b
  • Pappus scales ± free
  • Capitula discoid
Pegolettia
in part
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
002
b
  • Capitula radiate or disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves pinnatifid or profoundly lobed
Antiphiona
b
  • Leaves neither pinnatifid nor lobed
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small, few-flowered
* Pentanema
b
  • Capitula larger, many-flowered
Inula glomerata
Backtrack a
  • Marginal florets female, filiform
002
b
  • Marginal florets female, radiate or miniradiate
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, margin entire
  • Involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, distinctly imbricate
  • Stems sometimes narrowly winged
Pechuel-Loeschea
b
  • Leaves elliptic to ovate, petiolate, margins serrate
  • Involucral bracts many, linear-filiform
  • Stems never winged
Blumea
Backtrack a
  • Endothecial tissue radial
Inula paniculata
b
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
* Dittrichia
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of small scales up to 2 mm long
* Cichorium
b
  • Pappus of hairs or bristles at least 4 mm long
002
Backtrack a
  • Hairs of pappus feathery or at least inner ones so
002
b
  • Hairs of pappus not feathery, at most somewhat barbellate
002
Backtrack a
  • Receptacular paleae present
* Hypochaeris
b
  • Receptacular paleae 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Plants glabrous at maturity, sometimes floccose when young
* Tragopogon
b
  • Plants rough hairy
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus in 1 row
  • Fruit with a stout hollow beak
* Urospermum
b
  • Pappus in 2 rows
  • Fruit beak slender, not hollow
* Picris
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas 2-3.5 mm long, obconic, truncate above, pappus of comparatively few coarse scabrid bristles
Tolpis
b
  • Cypselas and pappus not as above
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas tuberculate in upper part with a long slender beak
  • Scapes one-headed, hollow
* Taraxacum
b
  • Cypselas and scapes not as combined above, or plants not scapigerous
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus dimorphic
002
b
  • Pappus of setae only, monomorphic, rarely with an outer ring of very short setae
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of setae and fine down-like hairs intermixed
Sonchus
b
  • Pappus in outer florets a small corona, in inner florets of few coarse, basally flattened and scale-like, scabrid bristles
* Hedypnois
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas truncate, without ascending hairs or ascending rough projections on the ribs or margins
Launaea
b
  • Cypselas beaked or at least somewhat attenuate above with ascending hairs or rough projections on the ribs or at least on the margins
002
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas ± compressed and equal-ribbed, with ascending evident or submicroscopic hairs on the ribs or at least the margins
  • Involucres mostly cylindrical
* Lactuca
b
  • Cypselas ± terete and equal-ribbed, rough with ascending projections on the ribs
  • Involucres usually obconic
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula many-flowered
  • Involucre hairy
* Crepis
b
  • Capitula with 8-15 flowers
  • Involucre glabrous
* Youngia
Backtrack
007 		a
  • Branched perennials, shrublets, or shrubs
002
b
  • Acaulescent, perennial herbs
  • Heads usually radiate on upright, unbranched peduncles
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves thick, leathery, becoming shiny above, very woolly beneath
Oldenburgia
b
  • Leaves herbaceous, often tomentose
002
Backtrack a
  • Involucre scales mostly pungent, often recurving
Dicoma
b
  • Involucre scales obtuse not recurved
Pleiotaxis
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles long and stout, tawny
  • Lamina of marginal florets very short
Perdicium
b
  • Pappus bristles slender, short or, if long, then pinkish brown or if stout, then whitish
  • Lamina of ray florets usually evident
Gerbera
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles 0
002
b
  • Pappus bristles present
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula in secondary heads
Sphaeranthus
b
  • Capitula not in secondary heads
Litogyne
Backtrack a
  • Cypselas with conspicuous red resin ducts
Doellia
b
  • Cypselas without resin ducts
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles with patent teeth
Pluchea
b
  • Pappus bristles with adpressed teeth
002
Backtrack a
  • Style with rather pointed sweeping hairs, reaching the furcation
Nicolasia nitens
b
  • Style with obtuse sweeping hairs, reaching well below the furcation
002
Backtrack a
  • Anthers with long, distinct tails
Pseudoconyza
b
  • Anthers ecaudate
002
Backtrack a
  • Stem not winged
Nicolasia costata
b
  • Stem winged
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus bristles few
Nicolasia
b
  • Pappus bristles many
Laggera
Backtrack a
  • Aquatic herbs
002
b
  • Plants not aquatic
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate
  • Style undivided
  • Pappus of coarse, rigid, scabrid bristles
Cadiscus
b
  • Capitula discoid
  • Style divided
  • Pappus of fine bristles
Emilia
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0 in all florets
002
b
  • Pappus present, at least in ray florets
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
Steirodiscus
b
  • Perennial herbs, shrubs or shrublets
Euryops
Backtrack a
  • Involucre calyculate
002
b
  • Involucre ecalyculate
002
Backtrack a
  • Anther bases with sterile tailed auricles (caudate)
002
b
  • Anther bases ecaudate
002
Backtrack a
  • Petiole auriculate, capitula discoid
Delairea
b
  • Petioles basally thickened and climbing, exauriculate
  • Capitula disciform
Mikaniopsis
Backtrack a
  • Ovary wall crystals simple, plate-like or needle-like or 0
002
b
  • Ovary wall crystals compound, drusiform
002
Backtrack a
  • Outer (ray) cypselas dorsiventrally compressed
Cineraria
b
  • Outer (ray) cypselas not compressed, or radiate florets 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branch apices not appendaged, truncate or rounded
Senecio
b
  • Style branch apices with very short to elongated appendage of fused papillae
Crassocephalum
Backtrack a
  • Subsucculent
  • Style branches truncate, sometimes with central tuft of fused papillae
Solanecio
b
  • Succulent
  • Style branches with conical to somewhat elongated appendages
Kleinia
Backtrack a
  • Capitula radiate with epidermis of ray lamina papillose
  • Anther bases caudate
Phaneroglossa
b
  • Capitula discoid, disciform or if radiate, epidermis of ray lamina different
  • Anther bases ecaudate
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula discoid
002
b
  • Capitula radiate or disciform
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches with continuous stigmatic areas
Lamprocephalus
b
  • Style branches with separate stigmatic areas
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches linear-obtuse with long, filiform, papillose appendages
Lopholaena
b
  • Style branches linear, truncate to obtuse with smaller appendages or appendages 0
002
Backtrack a
  • Style branches with small appendages
002
b
  • Style branches without appendages
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual or perennial herbs
  • Involucral bracts free
  • Florets orange, red, pink, purple, violet or white
Emilia
b
  • Perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs
  • Involucral bracts basally connate
  • Florets yellow or whitish
Othonna
Backtrack a
  • Florets orange, red, pink, purple, violet or white
Emilia
b
  • Florets yellow
Euryops
Backtrack a
  • Capitula disciform
002
b
  • Capitula radiate
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
  • Disc florets bisexual
  • Cypselas compressed
  • Pappus 0 in marginal florets
Stilpnogyne
b
  • Perennial herbs, shrublets or shrubs
  • Disc florets functionally male
  • Cypselas ellipsoid to oblong
  • Pappus present
002
Backtrack a
  • Style of central florets undivided
Othonna
b
  • Style of central florets divided, with oblong-linear, obtuse or truncate branches
Hertia
Backtrack a
  • Endothecial tissue of anthers polarised
Alciope
b
  • Endothecial tissue radial
002
Backtrack a
  • Annual herbs
002
b
  • Perennial herbs, shrublets or shrubs
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate, scattered along stem
Oligothrix
b
  • Leaves rosulate
002
Backtrack a
  • Capitula small, corymbosely arranged on long scapes
Gymnodiscus
b
  • Capitula large, solitary on long scapes
Euryops
Backtrack a
  • Disc florets bisexual, rarely functionally male
  • Style bifid, sometimes undivided
Euryops
b
  • Disc florets functionally male
002
Backtrack a
  • Style undivided
Othonna
b
  • Style divided
Hertia
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of scabrid bristles
Brachylaena
b
  • Pappus 0
Tarchonanthus
Backtrack a
  • Pappus 0, cypsela crowned with apical rim
* Ethulia
b
  • Pappus of bristles or scales
002
Backtrack a
  • Pappus of a few, caducous bristles
002
b
  • Pappus in 2 rows, outer row of short scales or rarely bristles, inner row of many long, serrated bristles
002
Backtrack a
  • Leaves alternate, minutely pellucid-dotted
  • Pappus bristles shortly hairy
Erlangea
b
  • Leaves opposite or whorled, not pellucid-dotted
  • Pappus bristles hispid
Bothriocline
Backtrack a
  • Flowers yellow or orange and/or leaves trinervate
Distephanus
b
  • Flowers creamy-white, shades of purple or blue
  • Leaves pinnately veined
002
Backtrack a
  • Pollen without colpi
  • Endothecial tissue with cells thickened on both horizontal and radial walls
  • Filament collars narrowly cylindrical, elongate, straight
  • Style bases conspicuously ring-like
* Cyanthillium
b
  • Pollen with colpi
  • Endothecial tissue polarised
  • Filament collars and style bases different
002
Backtrack a
  • Inner involucral bracts with membranous and frequently coloured, spreading appendages
  • Style bases surrounded by long keeled nectaries
Baccharoides
b
  • Inner involucral bracts without appendages
  • Style bases different
Vernonia

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